Anatomy Flashcards

Question

Types of Leukocytes

Answer 1

- Granulocytes | - Agranulocytes

Answer 2

- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils

Answer 3

- Multi lobed nucleus with fine granules | - Act as phagocytes at active cites of infection

Answer 4

- Large brick red cytoplasmic granules | - Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

Answer 5

- Phil= protein - Have histamine contains granules - Initiates inflammation

Answer 6

- Lymphocytes | - Monocytes

Answer 7

- Nucleus fills most of the cell | - Play an important role in the immune response

Answer 8

- Largest of the White Blood Cells - Function as macrophages - Important in fighting chronic infection

Answer 9

- Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) - Megakaryocytes create thrombocytes - Needed for the clotting process

Answer 10

- The only fluid tissue in the human body - Classified as a connective tissue - Components: - Living cells - Formed elements - Nonliving matrix - Plasma

Answer 11

- Color range: - Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet - Oxygen poor blood is dull re - pH must remain between 7.35-7.45 - Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at 100.4 F - In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5-6 liters or 6 quarts - Makes up 8% of body weight

Answer 12

- Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, person known as a hemocrit) - Buffy coat contains Leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood) - Buffy coat is thin, whitish layer between erythrocytes and plasma - Plasma rises to the top (55%)

Answer 13

- Composed of 90% water - Includes many dissolved substances - Nutrients (proteins, lipids, carbs) - Salts (electrolytes) - Respiratory gases - Hormones - Plasma Proteins - Waste Products

Answer 14

- Most abundant solutes in plasma - Most are made by the liver - Plasma proteins include - Albumin: Regulates osmotic pressure - Clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured - Antibodies: Help protect the body from pathogens

Answer 15

-Blood becomes too acidic

Answer 16

-Blood becomes too basic

Answer 17

-In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore pH to a normal level

Answer 18

- Blood cell formation - Occurs in bone marrow - All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblasts)

Answer 19

- Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins - When wore out (die), RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver - Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts

Answer 20

- Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) - Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood - Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

Answer 21

- Controlled by hormones - Colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate Leukocytes - Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets

Answer 22

- Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel - Involves 3 phases: - Vascular spasms (parasympathetic nervous system) - Platelet plug formation - Coagulation (blood clotting)

Answer 23

- Vasoconstriction causes blood vessel to spasm (parasympathetic nervous system) - Spasms narrow blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

Answer 24

- Forms the roof of the third ventricle - Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland) - Includes the choroid plexus—forms cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

- Both make up surface of the brain - Ridges= Gyruses - Precentral Gyrus - Grooves= Sulcuses - Ex: Central Sulcus

Answer 26

- Slight brain injury | - No permanent brain damage

Answer 27

- Nervous tissue destruction occurs | - Nervous tissue does not regenerate

Answer 28

- Swelling from the inflammatory response | - May compress and kill brain tissue

Answer 29

- Stroke - Commonly called a stroke - The result of a ruptured blood vessel supplying a region of the brain - Brain tissue supplied with oxygen from that blood source dies - Loss of some functions or death may result

Answer 30

- Progressive degenerative brain disease - Mostly seen in the elderly, but may begin in middle age - Structural changes in the brain include abnormal protein deposits and twisted fibers within neurons - Victims experience memory loss, irritability, confusion, and ultimately, hallucinations and death

Answer 31

- Frontal:Motor area - Occipital: Visual area - Temporal: Auditory and Olfactory - Parietal: Primary somatosensory area

Answer 32

- Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Diencephalon - Brain Stem

Answer 33

- more than half of the brain mass - made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) - composed of four regions: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes - Gray matter: outer layer made up of cell bodies (fibers are Unmylinated axons) - White matter: fibers deep in the gray matter (Fibers are myelinated axons)

Answer 34

- Sits of the brainstem - Made of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus - Relay station for sensory impulses

Answer 35

- attaches to the spinal cord | - Made of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Answer 36

- two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces | - Provides involuntary coordination of voluntary movements.

Answer 37

- part of the CNS - the brain has interneurons that work to integrate information - decide if a response to sensory information is needed

Answer 38

- Meninges - Bone - Capillaries - Blood-Brain Barrier - CSF

Answer 39

- The Three Layers - Dura Mater - Double-layered external covering - Periosteum—attached to inner surface of the skull - Meningeal layer—outer covering of the brain - Folds inward in several areas - Arachnoid Layer - Middle layer - Web-like - Pia Mater - Internal layer - Clings to the surface of the brain

Answer 40

- Allow water, glucose,and essential amino acids to pass from blood to the brain - Keeps metabolic wastes, toxins, proteins, and most drugs from getting into brain tissue

Answer 41

- Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body - Excludes many potentially harmful substances - Useless as a barrier against some substances - Fats and fat soluble molecules - Respiratory gases - Alcohol - Nicotine - Anesthesia

Answer 42

- Similar to blood plasma composition - Formed by the choroid plexus - Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain - Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord - Hydrocephalus - CSF accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain if not allowed to drain

Answer 43

- Controls breathing | - Also controls circadian rhythms

Answer 44

- Relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to the sensory cortex - “sensory switchboard” of the brain; deals with all sense except for smell that gets routed to the limbic system

Answer 45

- Plays a role in regulating body temperature, water balance, and metabolism - Center of many drives and emotions - The reward center of the brain

Answer 46

- the slender cavity of the midbrain | - connects the third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 47

- Forms Cerebrospinal Fluid | - Plexus: a bundle of nerves

Answer 48

- Produces melatonin - helps maintain circadian rhythm - regulates reproductive hormones

Answer 49

-Reflex center involved with olfaction (smell)

Answer 50

-Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Answer 51

-Convey ascending and descending impulses

Answer 52

- “Med-ic” of the body - Most vital part of the brain - Controls many major functions of the body VITAL REFLEXES - Heart Rate - Blood Pressure - Breathing - Swallowing - Vomiting

Answer 53

- the most influential gland in the endocrine system controlled by the hypothalamus - the neuroendocrine gland located beneath the brain - serves a variety of functions: - regulation of the gonads - thyroid - adrenal cortex - water balance - lactation

Answer 54

1. Sensory Impulses - To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body - Changes = stimuli 2. Interpretation - To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed 3. Motor Output - A response to integrated stimuli - The response activates muscles or glands

Answer 55

- Central nervous system (CNS) - Brain - Spinal cord - Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord - Spinal nerves (31 pairs) - Cranial nerves (12 pairs)

Answer 56

1. sensory (afferent) neurons: nerve fibers that carry impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors 2. motor (efferent) neurons: - carrying away or from - carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles, and glands. 3. interneurons: - called association neurons - complete the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons.

Answer 57

- irritability (ability to respond to stimuli) | - conductivity (ability to transmit an impulse).

Answer 58

- multipolar neurons: several processes extending from the neuron. - bipolar neurons: neurons that have two processes, and axon and a dendrite. - unipolar neurons: a single process emerging from the cell body.

Answer 59

- Myelinated or unmyelinated - Lack or excess of sodium and potassium - amount of nodes of ranvier - Number of poles

Answer 60

1. Stimulus at distal end of a neuron 2. Receptor 3. Sensory Neuron 4. Spinal cord, Integration center (Interneuron) 5. Motor Neuron 6. Effector 7. Response - 2 Neuron Reflex Arc - Sensory straight to effector - Ex: Knee-Jerk, gagging

Answer 61

- Gap between the two neurons - Makes sure that the impulse goes in the correct direction - the region of communication between neurons, or a neuromuscular junction between a neuron and a muscle cell

Answer 62

- The Impulses Jump - Fibers that have myelin sheaths conduct impulses much faster because the impulse leaps from node of rancher to node of ranvier along the length of the fiber - No electrical current can flow across an axon membrane that is insulated by fatty myelin

Answer 63

-Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 64

- Intermediate cytoskeleton | - Maintains cell shape

Answer 65

-conduct impulses toward the cell body

Answer 66

-conduct impulses away from the cell body

Answer 67

- Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters | - Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap

Answer 68

-whitish, fatty material covering axons

Answer 69

-produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion

Answer 70

-gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

Answer 71

-conelike structure, where the axon arises from

Answer 72

-Split in an axon that allows the impulse to travel to another area

Answer 73

- the nonneuronal tissue of the CNS that performs supportive and other functions - support, insulate, and protect delicate neurons.

Answer 74

- Astrocytes - Ependymal - Microglia - Oligodendrocytes

Answer 75

- star-shaped cells that make up most neural tissue - form a living barrier between capillaries and neurons - help to protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood

Answer 76

- spider-like phagocytes that monitor the Health of nearby neurons - dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria

Answer 77

- lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord | - fluid forms a protective cushion around the CNS.

Answer 78

-flat extensions that wrap around neurons producing the myelin sheath.

Answer 79

- Permeable axon receives an impulse - Sodium goes in and potassium goes out - Creates local depolarization - The axon is fully depolarizer, which creates action potential (travels down the axon) - Axon repolarizes by bringing potassium back in and sending sodium out

Answer 80

- The myelin sheaths around the fibers are gradually destroyed, converting to hard sheaths called scleroses - Electrical current is short-circuited - Protein component of the sheath is attacked - Visual & speech disturbances, loss of ability to control muscles (Increasingly disabled)

Answer 81

-Smooth muscle attached to lens

Answer 82

-suspensory ligament that attaches the lens to the ciliary body in the anterior eye

Answer 83

- Transparent, central anterior portion - Allows for light to pass through -Repairs itself easily - The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

Answer 84

-regulates amount of light entering eye

Answer 85

-rounded opening in the iris

Answer 86

-Watery fluid found between lens and cornea -Similar to blood plasma -Helps maintain intraocular pressure -Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea -Reabsorbed into venous blood through the scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm

Answer 87

- Biconvex crystal-like structure | - Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body

Answer 88

-Aqueous humor fluid is reabsorbed into venous blood

Answer 89

- Gel-like substance posterior to the lens - Prevents the eye from collapsing - Helps maintain intraocular pressure

Answer 90

- White connective tissue layer | - Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”

Answer 91

- blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye | - Pigment prevents light from scattering

Answer 92

- Outer pigmented layer - Inner neural layer - Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors) - Rods- Images - Cones-Colors

Answer 93

-area of the retina with only cones

Answer 94

-Receives impulses for interpreting sight

Answer 95

-Vascularizes the eye

Answer 96

- Blindspot - where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball - Cannot see images focused on the optic disc

Answer 97

- Eyelids/Eyelashes - Conjunctiva - Lacrimal Apparatus - Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Answer 98

- Tarsal glands lubricate the eye | - Ciliary glands are located between the eyelashes

Answer 99

- Membrane that lines the eyelids - Connects to the surface of the eye - Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

Answer 100

- Dilute salt solution (tears) | - Contains antibodies and lysozyme

Answer 101

- Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye | - Empties into the nasal cavity

Answer 102

- Lacrimal gland—produces lacrimal fluid - Lacrimal canals—drain lacrimal fluid from eyes - Lacrimal sac—provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity - Nasolacrimal duct—empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

Answer 103

- Allow for detailed color vision - Densest in the center of the retina - Cone Sensitivity: - Three types of cones - Different cones are sensitive to different wavelengths - Red, Green, Blue - Color blindness is the result of the lack of one cone type

Answer 104

- Most are found towards the edges of the retina - Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision - All perception is in gray tones

Answer 105

-inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night

Answer 106

-can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye

Answer 107

- loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes | - results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only

Answer 108

- when lens becomes hard and opaque | - vision becomes hazy and distorted

Answer 109

- genetic conditions that result in the inability to see certain colors - Due to the lack of one type of cone (partial color blindness)

Answer 110

- "cross eyed” | - due to an uneven pull by extrinsic eye muscles that prevents coordination between eyes

Answer 111

-elasticity of the lens as you age

Answer 112

-eye focuses images correctly on the retina (normal vision)

Answer 113

- Images are blurry - Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to - unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

Answer 114

- Farsighted - Near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear - Distant objects are focused behind the retina - Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens”

Answer 115

-Nearsighted -Distant objects appear blurry -Light from those objects fails to reach the retina and are focused in front of it =Results from an eyeball that is too long

Answer 116

- Light must be focused to a point on the retina for optimal vision - The eye is set for distance vision (over 20 feet away) - Accommodation—the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away) - Image formed on the retina is a real image - Real images are - Reversed from left to right - Upside down - Smaller than the object

Answer 117

- Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball | - Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

Answer 118

- Houses two senses - Hearing - Equilibrium (balance) - Receptors are mechanoreceptors - Different organs house receptors for each sense

Answer 119

- Surrounds the auditory canal opening | - ”Ear” part

Answer 120

(external acoustic meatus) - Narrow chamber in the temporal bone - Lined with skin and ceruminous (wax) glands - Ends at the tympanic membrane

Answer 121

- Hit w/ sound waves from auditory canal | - Vibrates w/ sound hits

Answer 122

(malleus) : - Sends vibration from eardrum to anvil - Part of the ossicles

Answer 123

(incus) : - Sends vibration to stirrup - Part of the ossicles

Answer 124

- (Stapes): - Sends vibration to the inner ear - Part of the ossicles

Answer 125

- both hearing and balance and brings information from the inner ear to the brain - A human's sense of equilibrium is determined by this nerve

Answer 126

-Responds to rotational movements (angular acceleration)

Answer 127

- Opening in the middle ear | - Release pressure in the ear

Answer 128

- cavity of the inner ear resembling a snail shell | - houses the hearing receptor

Answer 129

- Between semicircular canal & cochlea | - Responds to changes in the position with respect to gravity

Answer 130

- tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx | - allows pressure to be equalized on both sides of the eardrum

Answer 131

- Auricle (pinna) - Auditory Canal - Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) - Malleus, Incus, Stapes (Amplification in middle ear - Oval Window - Fluid in cochlear canals (Organ of Corti Stimulated) - Cochlear nerve brings impulse to the temporal lobe

Answer 132

- Outer: - Auricle - Auditory Canal - Middle: - Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) - Hammer (malleus) - Anvil (Incus) - Stirrup (Stapes) - Inner: - Semicircular Canal - Cochlea - Vestibule

Answer 133

- Organ of Corti: - Located within the cochlea - Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane - Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells - Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex in temporal lobe - ----- - Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane - Hair cells are bent by the membrane - An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve - Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation

Answer 134

- Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear are called the vestibular apparatus - Vestibular apparatus has two functional parts - Static Equilibrium - Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 135

(Non-moving): - Maculae—receptors in the vestibule - Report on the position of the head - Send information via the vestibular nerve - Anatomy of the maculae - Hair cells are embedded in the otolithic membrane - Otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around the hair cells - Movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells

Answer 136

(Moving): - Crista ampullaris—receptors in the semicircular canals - Tuft of hair cells - Cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells - Action of angular head movements - The cupula stimulates the hair cells - An impulse is sent via the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum

Answer 137

Location - Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum - Mediastinum: Cavity inside the thoracic cavity - Orientation - Pointed apex directed toward left hip - Base points toward right shoulder - About the size of your fist (1 pound)

Answer 138

- Epicardium (Protection) - Outside layer - This layer is the visceral pericardium - Connective tissue layer - Myocardium - Middle layer - Mostly cardiac muscle - Endocardium - Inner layer - Endothelium (smooth)

Answer 139

- deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body (lipids, proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, water) - remove carbon dioxide and other waste products

Answer 140

- SA node - Sends signals to AV node and left atrium - Av node - Go through the Bundle of His - To bundle branches - to Purkinje Fibers * Sometimes there is a heart block (blocks the transmission)

Answer 141

- Blood Pressure: Measurements by health professionals are made based on the pressure in large arteries. - Systolic: Peak of ventricular contraction - Diastolic: Ventricles are relaxed

Answer 142

- ANYTHING can affect a person's BP - Some potential factors that affect BP: - Age, weight, time of day, exercise, body position, emotional state - Neural factors: autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division) - Renal factors: regulation by altering blood volume, hormone control (renin) - Temperature (heat = vasodilating effect), (cold = vasoconstricting effect) - Chemicals & Diet can lead to increases or decreases in BP

Answer 143

- Transport blood to the tissues and back - Carry blood away from the heart - ARTERIES: walls of arteries are the thickest - ARTERIOLES - Exchange between tissues and blood - CAPILLARY BED: consist of two types of vessels - Vascular shunt- directly connecting arteriole to venule - True capillaries- exchange vessels; oxygen and nutrients cross to cells, while carbon dioxide and metabolic waste cross into blood - Return blood toward the heart - VENULES - VEINS: lumens of veins are large, have valves that prevent backflow, skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart

Answer 144

- Three layers also called tunics: - tunic intima (endothelium) - tunic media (smooth muscle, sympathetic NS) - tunic externa (fibrous connective tissue)

Answer 145

- Aorta: Largest ARTERY in the body, leaves from the left ventricle of the heart - Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: VEINS that enter the right atrium of the heart - Superior VC: drains the head and arms - Inferior VC: drains the lower body

Answer 146

- Depolarization: - Changing the polarity of the nerve (sodium & hydrogen involved) - Stimulating the nerve - P wave (Depolarization of atriums) - QRS wave (Depolarization of ventricles) - Repolarization: - Back to the original stage - T wave (Repolarization of entire heart)

Answer 147

- Lub: closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves (AV Valves) - Dub: Closing of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

Answer 148

- Hardening of the Blood Vessels - Slowing of blood flow - Collapsing muscles around veins - changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls - The early stage of arteriosclerosis and increased rigidity. - junk that's getting in you, aging if blood vessels- everything is slowing down, circulation doesn't go as well caused by stressed(mothers who had babies, jobs)

Answer 149

- Two main groups - Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) ---continuous coiled hollow tube - Accessory: digestive organs

Answer 150

- Pathway from mouth to anus (food passes through) - Mouth - Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine (97% of digestion) - Large Intestine - Anus

Answer 151

- Lips (Labia): Protect the anterior opening - Cheeks: form lateral walls (buccal cavity) - Hard Palate: Forms the anterior roof - Soft Palate: forms posterior roof - Uvula: Fleshy projection of the soft palate (Lymph tissue)

Answer 152

- Mastication: Chewing of food - Mixing masticated food with saliva (bolus) - Initiation of swallowing by the tongue - Tongue rolls back - Larynx rises - Constriction - Deglutition (swallowing) - Allows for sense of taste

Answer 153

- Nasopharynx: Not pharynx of the digestive system - Oropharynx: Posterior to the oral cavity - Laryngopharynx: Below the Oropharynx and connected to the esophagus

Answer 154

- Function is the masticate (chew food) - Humans have two sets of teeth - Deciduous (baby or "milk" teeth) - 20 teeth are fully formed by age 2

Answer 155

- Replace deciduous teeth between ages 6 and 12 - A full set of 32 teeth, but some people do not have wisdom teeth (third molars) - If they do emerge, the wisdom teeth appear between ages 17-25

Answer 156

- Incisors (cutting) - Canines ( tearing or piercing) - Premolars (grinding) - Molars (grinding)

Answer 157

- Crown (exposed part) - Neck (region in contact with gums) - Root (attaches tooth to periodontal membrane)

Answer 158

- Enamel: hardest substance in the body - Dentin: Found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth - Pulp Cavity: Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers - Root canal: Where the pulp cavity extends into the root

Answer 159

- Region in contact with the gum | - Connects crown to root

Answer 160

- Cementum: Covers outer surface | - Attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane

Answer 161

- Three pairs of salivary glands empty secretions into the mouth - Parotid glands: In front of the ear - Submandibular: Below the mandible (anterior) - Sublingual: Below the tongue (posterior) - In back of the submandibular

Answer 162

- Mixture of Mucus and serous fluids - Helps to form a food bolus - Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion - Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

Answer 163

-Serves as a passageway for air and food -Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers -Longitudinal inner layer -Circular outer layer -Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (Peristalsis: wave-like contractions)

Answer 164

- Anatomy: - About 10 inches long - Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm - Physiology: - Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) - Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)

Answer 165

- Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscalaris Externa - Serosa

Answer 166

- Innermost, moist membrane consisting of surface epithelium - Surface epithelium - Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria) - Small smooth muscle layer)

Answer 167

- Just beneath the mucosa | - Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves endings, and lymphatics

Answer 168

- Smooth Muscle - Inner circular layer - Outer longitudinal layer

Answer 169

- Outermost layer of the wall that contains fluid-producing cells - Visceral peritoneum: Outermost layer that is continuous with the innermost layer - Parietal Peritoneum: Innermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 170

- Bundle of nerves - Two important nerve Plexuses serve the alimentary canal - Both are part of the autonomic nervous system - Submucosal nerve plexus - Myenteric nerve plexus - Function is to regulate mobility and secretory activity of the GI Tract organs

Answer 171

- The body's major digestive organ (19-21 feet) - Site of nutrient absorption into the body - Function: Chemical Digestion - Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve - Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery tissue

Answer 172

- Chemical digestion begins in the small intestine - Enzymes are produced by - Intestinal glands - Pancreas - Pancreatic ducts carry enzymes to the small intestine - Bile, formed by the liver, enters via the common bile duct (emulsification)

Answer 173

- Protein--> amino acids - Carbohydrates--> Monosaccharides - Lipids--> Fatty acids and glycerol - Nucleic acids--> nucleotides

Answer 174

- Three Structural modifications that increase surface area - Microvilli: Tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush boarder appearance) - Villi: Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa - Circular folds (plicae circulares) deep folds of the mucosa and Submucosa

Answer 175

- Absorbs fatty acids and glycerol - Makes lymph tissue (and lymph fluid) - Lymph makes antibodies

Answer 176

- Sucrase: sucrose--> glucose - Lactase: lactose --> glucose - Maltase: maltose --> glucose

Answer 177

- Duodenum (1 foot) - Attached to the stomach - Curves around the head of the pancreas - Jejunum (8-10) - Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum - Illeum (longest part) - Extends from the Jejunum to large intestine

Answer 178

- Located on the left side of the abdominopelvic cavity - Food enters at the cardioesophageal sphincter - Food (chyme) empties into the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter (valve)

Answer 179

- Cardiac region: near the heart - Fundus: Expanded portion lateral to the cardiac regions - Body: midportion - Pylorus: funnel-shaped terminal end

Answer 180

-Internal folds of mucosa

Answer 181

- Lesser curvature: concave (curving in) medial surface | - Greater curvature: convex (curving out) lateral surface

Answer 182

- Lesser Omentum: Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature - Greater Omentum: Attaches the great curvature to the posterior body wall - Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs - Has lymph nodules containing macrophages

Answer 183

- Temporary storage tank for food - Site of food breakdown - Chemical breakdown of protein begins - Delivers chyme (Processed food) to the small intestine (to turn into chyle)

Answer 184

- Asprin | - Alcohol

Answer 185

- Mucosa is simple columnar epithelium - Mucous neck cells: produce a sticky alkaline mucus - Gastric glands: stimulated in gastric pits and secrete gastric juice (2 pH) - Chief cells: Produce protein-- digestive enzymes (pepsinogens) - Parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid - Enteroendocrine cells: produce gastrin hormones

Answer 186

- Large in diameter, but shorter in length, than the small intestine - Frames the internal abdomen

Answer 187

- Enzyme | - Turns a starch into maltose

Answer 188

-Wavelike movement of a bolus through the pharynx

Answer 189

- Ingestion: Taking in food - Digestion: Breaking down food both mechanically and chemically - Absorption: Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream - Defecation: rids the body of indigestible waste - Propulsion: swallowing, peristalsis

Answer 190

- Cecum: Saclike first part of the large intestine - Appendix: - Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) - Hangs from the cecum

Answer 191

- Ascending: Travels up right side of abdomen - Transverse: Across the abdominal cavity - Descending: Travels down the left side - Sigmoid: enters the pelvis

Answer 192

- Rectum and Anal cavity: also in pelvis - Anus: Opening of the large intestine - External anal sphincter- formed by skeletal muscle and under voluntary control - Internal involuntary sphincter- formed by smooth muscle - These sphincters are normally closed except during defecation

Answer 193

- No villi present - Goblet cells produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces - Muscularis Externa layer is reduced to three bands of muscle called teniae coli - These bands cause the wall to pucker into haustra (pocket-like sacs)

Answer 194

- Cecum - Appendix - Colon - Rectum - Anus

Answer 195

- Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum - Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum - Produces a wide variety of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food - Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum - Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes naturalizes acidic chyme coming from the stomach - Hormones produced by the pancreas - Insulin (controls blood sugar level) - Glucagon (helps stabilize low blood-sugar levels)

Answer 196

- Largest gland in the body - Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm - Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and the abdominal wall by the falciform ligament: connected to the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct

Answer 197

- Buccinator - Temporalis - Masseter

Answer 198

- Deoxygenated: Right Side - Oxygenated: Left - Atriums: Receive blood (not as muscular) - Ventricles: Pump blood - R.V: Pumps Deoxygenated blood to the lungs - L. V: Pumps Oxygenated blood to the body - Tricuspid Valve: Allows blood to leave Right Atrium and enter the Right Ventricle - Bicuspid Valve (Mitral valve): Allows blood to leave Left Atrium and enter the Left Ventricle - Semilunar Valves: Left & Right; Open when Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves close, allow blood to leave the heart - RSL: Pulmonary Semilunar - LSL: Aortic Semilunar -Interventricular Septum: Separates the 2 vertices

Answer 199

- Right Atrium - Tricuspid valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve - Pulmonary trunk - Pulmonary artery - Lungs (becomes oxygenated blood) - Pulmonary veins - Left atrium - Bicuspid valve - Left ventricle - Aortic semilunar valve - descending aorta - Iliac - Femoral - Popliteal - Tibial - Plantar digital - Arterioles - Capillaries - Back to the heart: - Venules - Plantar digital vein - Tibial vein - Popliteal vein - Femoral vein - Iliac vein - Inferior vena cava

Answer 200

- Right Atrium - Tricuspid valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary semilunar valve - Pulmonary trunk - Pulmonary artery - Lungs - Pulmonary veins - Left Atrium - Bicuspid valve - Left ventricle - Aortic semilunar valve - Aorta - Brachiocephalic trunk - Brachiocephalic artery - Subclavian - Axillary - Brachial - Radial - Common Palmar Digital - Arterioles - Capillaries - Back to Heart: - Venules - Palmar Digital veins - Radial veins - Brachial veins - Axillary veins - Subclavian veins - Brachiocephalic veins - Superior vena cava

Answer 201

- Cornea - Aqueous Humor - Lens