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history > US 1920s > Flashcards

US 1920s Flashcards

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1
Q

How did car ownership increase between 1920 and 1929?

A

1920 - 8m
1929 - 26m

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2
Q

What did the Revenue Acts 1924 and 1926 do?

A

•cut top band of taxes from 50% to 20%
•11000 millionaires in the US by 1929
• led to tax reductions totalling $3.5 billion to large scale industrialists and corporations

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3
Q

How did real wages increase between 1923 and 1929?

A

increased by 13%

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4
Q

How did the stock market increase in 1928 and since 1922?

A

•increased by 50% in 12 weeks through speculation
• increased by nearly 20% each year until 1929

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5
Q

How did consumer borrowing increase between 1920 and 1929?

A

•1920 - consumer borrowing just over $2bn
• 1929 - $8bn
• 75% of cars and 50% of household goods were bought using hire purchase

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6
Q

Stat demonstrating how many people bought on the margin

A

• nearly 40 cents of every American dollar loaned went to the stock market

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7
Q

Why did America become an economic superpower during WW1?

A

•America provided 80% of Allied oil during the war - wealth of oil in Texas and Cali
• Also naturally rich in raw materials like wood, iron, coal, minerals, land and therefore dominated chemical industry also

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8
Q

How did GNP increase between 1920 and 1929?

A

1920 - $73.3bn
1929 - $104.4bn
increased by around 42%

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9
Q

How did profits for US businesses increase between 1923 and 1929?

A

increased by 62%

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10
Q

How did number of electrical appliances in the US increase between 1912 and 1929? (demonstrates increased consumerism)

A

1912 - 2.4 million electrical appliances
1929 - 160 million

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11
Q

after the creation of the assembly line, what rate did Ford produce cars at?

A

1923 - 2 million cars produced, highest annual production figure ever achieved by a single model

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12
Q

Between 1922 and 1929 what were unemployment rates

A

never higher than 3.7%

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13
Q

How and why did union membership decline during the 1920s

A

• 5m to 2m
• the supreme court made several decisions that weakened the labour movement

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14
Q

How many people worked in farming at the start of the 1920s?

A

• 60 million - people had to move because of the recession, Coolidge vetoed laws proposed to fix prices for farmers between 1927 and 1928

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15
Q

When was the Fordney-Mccumber tariff introduced and what did it do?

A

• 1922
• taxes were increased on imported goods, making consumer goods cheaper and guaranteeing domestic producers a market

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16
Q

How did production of industrial goods increase between 1922 and 1929?

A

50%

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17
Q

What was radio ownership by 1929?

A

10 million

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18
Q

When were Sacco and Vanzetti executed and why?

A

• 1927
• accused of murder and denied a fair trial due to being suspected of being anarchists and socialists
• executed despite eye witnesses claiming their innocence

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19
Q

How were workers exploited (government do nothing to stop this)

A

• weak trade unions
• child Labour common in the textile mills of Southern states, a 56 hour week common there and wages rarely rose to more than 18 cents an hour

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20
Q

Cars affordable in 1920s

A

• 1920 Ford was mass producing a car per minute (1,250,000) a year
• 1925 Ford producing a car every ten seconds - cheaper again, $290 for a car
• petrol cost between 20 and 25 cents a gallon - average manufacturing wage 50 cents an hour

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21
Q

Cars desirable in the 1920s

A

• reported that 65% of workers were working to afford a car

22
Q

Cars contributing to boom and cycle of prosperity

A

• gave rise to rubber, steel, construction and service industries (e.g petrol stations, changed landscape along highways )
• by 1929, motor industry employed 7% of all workers and paid them 9% of all wages

23
Q

Car industry changing infrastructure of America

A

• Federal Highway Act of 1921 gave responsibility for road building to central government - highways were being constructed at the rate of 10k miles per year by 1929
• goods could be more easily transported from factories to markets - truck registration increased from less than 1 million in 1919 to 3.5 million by 1929

24
Q

How many electrical devices were sold in 1912 compared to 1929?

A

• 1912 - 2.4 million
• 1929 - 160 million
(Labour saving devices like vacuum cleaners and washing machines)
•However the rural south didn’t have electricity , so couldn’t buy
• however mass produced so much led to issue of overproduction

25
Q

How did increased car ownership affect leisure pursuits?

A

• by 1920, 1 million Americans went camping - by 1923 2,000 campsites across America
• tourist courts (cabins where motorists could rest for the night)

26
Q

How many movie theatres were built in the 1920s?

A

1926 - 17,000 cinemas
1930 - 303,000 cinemas
(Famous stars Charlie Chaplin and Clara Bow)

27
Q

How did large corporations benefit from laissez faire government policies?

A

• by 1929 the largest 200 corporations possessed 20% of the nation’s wealth
• Would operate illegal cartels (control whole industrial process) that the government turned a blind eye to

28
Q

Increased electrical goods in households

A

by 1927 40% of households had telephones, 1/3 had radio, 2/3 had electricity (electrical goods a sigh of affluence)

29
Q

How was America divided in 1920s?

A

• Urban vs rural
• Modern vs traditional
• religious vs non religious

30
Q

What laws were passed in the 1920s to limit immigration?

A

• Emergency Immigration Act 1921
• National Origins Act 1924
• Coolidge stated that ‘America must be kept American’

31
Q

How did KKK membership increase in 1924?

A

• Had 4.5 million members
• Used The Birth of a Nation Film as propoganda and memebrs to recruit others
• Red Scare - growing xenophobia, 1920 Palmer Raids

32
Q

Was communism a real threat?

A

The communist party had only 70,000 members - around 0.1% of America’s population

33
Q

When was prohibition passed and why?

A

• 1920 (18th amendment to Constitution)
• anti-immigrant feeling/ xenophobia - liquor industry characterised as foreign controlled, lining the pockets of German Americans
• government - viewed as the upholder of morality
• Women set up Women’s temperance movement - alcohol leading to abuse, divorce, excess spending of family budget

34
Q

Why did prohibition fail?

A

• not enough prohibition agents - only 4000
• corruption and bribes - 1/10 agents sacked for taking bribes
• lack of public support - speak easies
• increased violence - 1929 Valentines Day Massacre (Al Capone)

35
Q

What was the Tulsa Race Massacre 1921?

A

• Mobs of white residents were given weapons by government officials and attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma
• 300 people may have died

36
Q

How was the Scopes trial demonstrative of American fundamentalism?

A

•1925 - John Scopes fined for teaching evolution in schools
• Introduction of monkey laws, banning this (Tennessee passes this first in 1925)

37
Q

What was the Mexican Revolution?

A

• increased the flow of Hispanics to the USA to escape violence. sudden influx led to instability in rural areas of south west USA, demons for jobs

38
Q

Who were the lost generation?

A

• The generation of writers, artists, musicians and intellectuals that came of age during the First World War and 20s, wrote about decadence of society, lack of faith in democracy, peace
• E.g F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway

39
Q

What was weekly cinema attendance at the end of the decade?

A

90 million

40
Q

When was the first film with sound released?

A

1927 - The Jazz Singer

41
Q

What was a popular radio programme of the time?

A

• Amos n Andy (late 1920)
• Entertained Americans around the country but portrayed negative racial stereotypes

42
Q

How much did Americans spend on entertainment in 1929?

A

$4.6bn

43
Q

How did sports become bigger?

A

• People could listen to Major League Baseball on the radio
• College football
• Baseball: Babe Ruth (sold to Red Sox for $100k, African American) and Ty Cobb national superstars
• However baseball still segregated
• 1927 - 50m people tune in for Jack Dempsey vs Gene Tunney boxing match

44
Q

Statistic demonstrative of the Great Migration

A

• By 1920 over 5 million of the nations 12 million blacks lived in cities (over 40%)

45
Q

Influential figures of Harlem Renaissance

A

• Poet Langston Hughes
• Louis Armstrong , Billie Holidays

46
Q

How popular was jazz?

A

• played on the radio through new phonograph technology
• enjoyed by both races e.g both black and whites gathered to listen to jazz at the Harlem Cotton Club (likes of Duke Wellington played here)
• fast paced accompanied fads like Charleston and flapper girls
• however denounced by religious groups and KKK
• lyrics reflected struggles of African Americans e.g Billie Holidays Strange Fruit about lynching

47
Q

What amendment gave women the vote and what difference did this make?

A

• 19th amendment 1920
• however no political representation, no female senators and only 2 women in house of representatives
• more clerical roles available to women (contributed to rural to urban shift) - however by 1930 there were only 150 female dentists and fewer than 100 female accountants

48
Q

Where did women not experience liberty?

A

• unmarried women
• university still only male
• rural America strictly religious

49
Q

Stats about catastrophic 1929 WSC

A

• By the end of Black Thursday, value of shares had fallen by almost $4bn
• largest stock exchange in the USA - 12.8m changed hands on Blck Thursday, panic, shattered public confidence

50
Q

What were some factors that led to the WSC?

A

• Reckless overconfidence and continuous growth of stock market created asset bubble (overvalued stocks)
• August 1929 Federal Reserve Bank of New York increased interest rates from 5% to 6%, affected market stability and reduced economic growth
• Speculation
• public panic
• Florida land boom 1924-25, crashes and creates concerns

history (13 decks)

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