Changing quality of life 1918-45

Question 1

When was Butlins opened?

Answer 1

1937 in Skegness

Question 2

When was the National Grind established?

Answer 2

1926 Electrical Supply Act

Question 3

How did the bombings during WW2 affect lives on the home front?

Answer 3

• 2/7 houses were destroyed
•60 million changes of address during war
• 60 000 civilians killed by German bombs

Question 4

How did the government use conscription to win the war?

Answer 4

• 14.9m men were registered for war service
• 7.1m women were registered for war work
8.5m Essential Work Orders issued

Question 5

How did rationing impact the British standard of living?

Answer 5

• made the working class healthier - had previously preferred to eat biscuits and chips
• price controls made goods cheaper
• one complete outfit for people per year, encouraged to ‘make do and mend’ - fashion levelled across the classes

Question 6

How did living standards improve between 1918 and 1945 due to real income?

Answer 6

• prices fell faster than wages
• families shrank due to the use of contraception- 2.19 kids on average compared to 4.6 in 1880 - therefore wages went further as shared by fewer people

Question 7

How did much did the real cost of living fall by between 1920 and 1938

Answer 7

1/3

Question 8

How did wages increase during WW2?

Answer 8

doubled

Question 9

How did the amount of people that were homeowners change?

Answer 9

• 1914 - 10% of the population homeowners
• 1938 - 32% were

Question 10

What did the Housing and Temporary Accommodation Act do and when was it introduced?

Answer 10

• 1944
• 300 000 houses constructed within 2 years

Question 11

What did WW1 show about the health of Britons?

Answer 11

•40% were unfit for combat

Question 12

How did long term unemployment change between 1929 and 1932?

Answer 12

• 1929 - 5%
• 1932 - 16.4%

Question 13

What did Beveridge calculate in 1944?

Answer 13

• 85% of long term unemployment was in South Wales, Scotland and the North of England

Question 14

How did the amount of people that had electricity change between 1920 and 1938?

Answer 14

• 1920 -730 000
• 1938 - 9m

Question 15

What was still middle class between 1920 and the 1930s?

Answer 15

washers, heaters and washing machines

Question 16

Why did cinema become popular during WW2?

Answer 16

• led to the demand of escapism and restrictions on other entertainment made cinema really popular
• government put news reels at the start of each film to update people on the war
• popular war films like the White Cliffs of Dover 1943 released

Question 17

How did the number of cinemas and popularity in the UK increase between 1914 and the 1930s?

Answer 17

• 1914 - 3000
• 1930s - 5000
• by 1950, the average person went to the cinema 28 times a year
• in 1946 , 1.635bn tickets sold

Question 18

How did cinemas improve quality of life?

Answer 18

• accessible to the working class, tickets were cheap so could experience the same luxury as the upper class

Question 19

How many people had radios in their home?

Answer 19

• between 1922-39 the percentage of homes with a radio receiver was 71%
• By 1951 it was 90%

Question 20

How did the BBC act as an instrument of social control?

Answer 20

• founded in 1922 and had a monopoly on radio broadcasting until 1973 - linked to the government, could censor war information e.g after the Bristol Blitz to keep morale high
• connected all of the country together

Question 21

What was the purpose of the BBC and how did it level the classes?

Answer 21

• to educate
• all classes could access the same programmes through national and regional programme, connected through the first monarch’s christmas day speech in 1932

Question 22

How did music improve living standards for the working class?

Answer 22

• working class men and women could go to dance halls, gave them a sense of luxury and for girls was a socially acceptable way of meeting boys

Question 23

How did football/ other sports become more popular?

Answer 23

• through radio / televised events
• tickets were cheap so everybody could afford to go - £1 in 1981

Question 24

why initially was football not viewed a lot on TV?

Answer 24

people preferred to watch sitcoms and other shows

Question 25

How did car ownership increase between 1919 and 1939?

Answer 25

1919 - 100,000 1939 - 2 million •mass production made them cheaper, however only really available to the middle class • Ministry of Transport opened in 1919, network of roads began to develop in the 30s

Question 26

What was the impact of cars becoming more popular?

Answer 26

• more ribbon developments - people living in suburbs • divide between towns and countryside reduced • changed consumer habits - e.g first out of town supermarket opened in Nottinghamshire in 1964 with 1000 parking spaces

Question 27

Who mostly used cars?

Answer 27

the middle class, working class mostly used bikes or buses

Question 28

What was Beechings axe, when and why did it occur

Answer 28

• 1963-65 • 1/2 of train stations were closed down and 1/3 track became unused • this was done to make the National rail more profitable as more people began to use cars - however cut off the countryside

Question 29

Why was the 1938 Holidays with Pay Act significant?

Answer 29

• in 1935, only 1.5 m workers had paid holiday • by 1938, 7.75 m workers did significant as more people can enjoy leisure time

Question 30

How did changing patterns of home ownership cause a change in leisure time activities?

Answer 30

• led to the decline of the pub and working man clubs as people began to find entertainment in their home through TV and DIY • increased number of Caravan holidays in areas like Devon, by the end of the 70s, half of the British population had been on a caravan holiday

Question 31

How did the number of people holidaying abroad increase between 1951 and 1979?

Answer 31

1951 - 1 million Britons went abroad 1971 - 7 million Britons went abroad 1971 - only 1/3 of Britons had been on a foreign holiday 1979 - only 1/3 hadn’t been on a foreign holiday

Question 32

Why did more people start to travel abroad?

Answer 32

• availability of cheap overseas package holidays • end of currency restrictions after 1970 • resorts like Benidorm offered British foods and comforts with hotter weather

Question 33

How did air travel develop from 1918-79?

Answer 33

• 1919 first commercial plane took off from London to Paris, however was expensive and exclusive • 1951 only around 890,000 passengers • 1979, just under 15 m passengers

Question 34

What impact did foreign travel have on British culture/ leisure time activities?

Answer 34

• by the mid 60s traditional seaside holidays began to suffer culinary tastes of the British began to change : •wine consumption doubled in the 60s then again in the 70s •Greek and Italian restaurants became popular • 1960 - continental beers made up 3% of British beer market, by 1970 almost all pubs serve continental beer e.g Skol

Question 35

How did patterns of car ownership change between 1960 and 1970?

Answer 35

• 1960 - 5 million cars • 1970 - 11 million cars

Question 36

How did car ownership affect leisure activities?

Answer 36

• more holidays as people had more mobility, could take their cars on ferries • more people living in the suburbs - can commute freely to work, decline of population in cities like London, Manchester, South Shields - less overcrowding • mass out of town supermarkets introduced - the first asda was opened in 1964 in nottinghamshire with 1000 car parking spaces • divide between the country and cities reduced

Question 37

Why did car ownership increase post WW2?

Answer 37

• end of petrol rationing • move to the suburbs due to increase in white collar jobs • roads were improved in the 70s through an intensive programme of motorway construction

Question 38

How did real wages change between 1920-50?

Answer 38

• between 1920-38, real cost of living fell by 1/3 • post WW2 in the 50s disposable income on average increased by 30%

Question 39

How did increased home ownership change leisure pursuits?

Answer 39

• people do DIY, want to stay in and watch TV (23% of men and women spent their spare time in front of a TV)leading to the decline of the pub and working man’s club • people go on more caravan holidays -

Question 40

When was the Consumer Credit Act introduced and why was it significant?

Answer 40

• 1974 - people can buy goods with credit cards, items more accessible to the working class • however there was a stigma around using credit

Question 41

how did housing improve between 1945 and 1979?

Answer 41

• rebuilt post WW2 in post war consensus, 1950 Housing Subsidies Act provides more money to rebuild/ regime poorer areas - during the war there had been around 3.5 million houses destroyed • 1960 - 5% of homes have central heating, -1977 50% do

Question 42

Why did sports spectatorship decline between 1945-79?

Answer 42

• rise of hooliganism - e.g British Rail had to cancel their Soccer Specials cheap deal on tickets after 2 carriages were destroyed • rise of TV - some football matches began to be aired live in the 60s e.g 1966 world cup final, match of the Day 1964. People also stayed home to watch live TV as it couldn’t be caught up on • as a result ticket sales declined: 1948-49 season, 41.7m ticket sales 1979-80, 24.6m

Question 43

What restrictions did women face in participation in sport? 1918-79

Answer 43

• women banned from playing football 1921-1970 however: • increased building of sports centres allowed for women to participate more, permitted to use swimming pools and fitness equipment to keep fit in order to be the ideal mother and housewife: 1970-27 centres 1979- over 500 centres

Question 44

How did films/ cinema change post WW2?

Answer 44

• 1/2 of cinemas forced to close between 1955 and 1963 due to TV - ticket sales declining since peak of 1.6 billion sales in 1946 • became more explicit after 1968 Theatres Act • became more about fiction/ drama/ romance rather than about the war

Question 45

what was radio like during WW2?

Answer 45

• national and regional programmes were replaced by the Home service to prevent enemy aircraft from using regional programmes to navigate - home service boosted morale and sense of national identity

Question 46

How did commercial radio develop post 1945?

Answer 46

• Light programme 1945- broadcasted a range of comedies and soaps. some aimed at women displaying traditional gender roles post WW2 e.g Woman’s Hour/Housewive’s choice, attracted 2/3 of the programmes 11 million daily listeners

Question 47

How did pirate radio transform radio from purely educational as the BBC intended?

Answer 47

• people would listen to Radio Luxembourg for pop music/ rock when the light programme was doing a religious section on a Sunday • 1967 Marine Broadcasting offences act banned this, however was ignored so the light programme was split into Radio 1 and 2 - Radio 1 aimed at younger audience

Question 48

How did ownership of TVs increase between 1950-1979?

Answer 48

• 4% in 1950 • 40% in 1955 • 96% in 1975 Those who owned colour TV sets: • % of colour television sets increased from 1.7% in 1979 to 70% in 1979

Question 49

How was the North South divide apparent? (Beveridge)

Answer 49

•1944 - Beveridge calculated that 85% of all long term unemployment was located mostly in the North • around 50,000 jobs a year were lost

Question 50

When was live spectatorship at its peak in Britain?

Answer 50

1948-49 season, 42m tickets sold

Question 51

TV ownership 1955-1975

Answer 51

1955 - 35% of homes have a TV 1975 - 96% do

Question 52

Average viewing times of TV

Answer 52

- men and women spent 23% of their time in front of the TV - average family viewing time 16-20 hours in the 1970s

Question 53

sitcom that conveyed right wing, racist attitudes

Answer 53

Til Death Do Us Part 1965

Question 54

Light Programme

Answer 54

- est. 1945 - broadcasted a number of soaps and comedies - had a religious channel on a Sunday - broadcasted shows reinforcing gender roles post ww2 e.g 'Woman's Hour' and 'Housewives' Choice' - attracted 2/3 of 11 million daily radio listeners

Question 55

impact of pirate radio on commercial radio

Answer 55

- audiences would listen to Radio Luxembourg, especially on Sundays when the Light Programme was doing its religious sector to access pop music (reflects changing attitudes) - Led to Marine Broadcasting Offences Act 1967, led to dissolution of Light programme into Radio One, Two, Three, Four - one aimed at younger audiences

Question 56

when did commercial radio fully develop

Answer 56

1973 Independent Local Radio launched, BBC no longer have monopoly

Question 57

patriotic films

Answer 57

- WW1 1916 Battle of Somme , seen by 20m people in two weeks - 1942 In Which We Serve - 1942 Mrs Miniver

Question 58

Americanisation of cinema

Answer 58

- 1962 first James Bond Dr No extremely popular - relied on American investment, suffered in the 70s when funding began to decrease

Question 59

radio ownership 1922 to 1938

Answer 59

71%

Question 60

development of cinema more explicit

Answer 60

1968 Theatres Act 1974 Emanuelle 1971 A Clockwork Orange 1971 Straw Dogs

Question 61

universalism in radio

Answer 61

- 1932 first monarch's xmas day broadcast - National and Regional Programmes connected the country - Home Service established 1939, patriotism, so german bombers couldnt use regional programmes for navigation

Question 62

Sports broadcasts

Answer 62

1964 Match Of The Day 1958 Grandstand 1966 World Cup televised

Question 63

declining live sports spectatorship

Answer 63

peak 1948-49 attendance 41.2m ticket sales compared to 24.6m in 1979-80

Question 64

no. of people with electricity 1920-1938

Answer 64

1920 - 730,000 1938 - 9m

Question 65

home ownership 1914-1938

Answer 65

1914 - 10% of population homeowners 1938 - 32% were