US Flashcards
the case + democratization
US important: global influence
next electoins: nov 5th 2024 (Harris leading the polls since august)
system copy pasted to Brazil and Nigeria (Brazil started with Westminster-Whitehall idea, but changed)
1783 independence from England
gradual democratization + overall high levels of democracy: bc no absolute monarchy or smth
recent years: decline democracy + after WW2 slow continuing democratization (unlike EU): civil rights not optimal yet (e.g. only in 60s attention to minority rights)
culture and nation
50 states (incl. Hawaii and Alaska since 1959)
splended isolation -> relatively free from external enemies
(some wars with Mexico over e.g. Texas)
demography =
- white majority = Italians, Irish used to be discriminated against = declining due to migration and lower birth rates
- African Americans (origins: slavery)
- Indians (in specific racial reserves)
- Muslim (relatively small but growing)
white majority feels under threat transnational cleavage -> feel left behind (e.g. bc affirmative action policies) -> exclusive nationalism and nativism
historical dev. colonies + revo
13 colonies east coast with many settlers: fertile land + pelgrims (with negative conception of the state, bc they left the strong state)
- !!!! situation as settler colony diff than e.g. Algeria and Nigeria: settlers wanted the independence (Algeria and Nigeria: indigenous wanted independence)
settlers got own insitutions over time + eventually didn’t want to be attached to the UK any more -> Boston Tea Party: No taxation without representation
1765-1783 revolution and independence
1781 = articles of confederation
federalists vs antifederalists
1787 = constitutional convention
1789 put into effect = oldest in the world
liberal democr. idea: making sure that every state has rights
1789-1791 = Bill of Rights
- incl. second amendment: protects right to keep/bear arms
(Bill of Rights)
1789-91
civil war
1861-65
North = industrialization
South = slavery, agriculture
-> regional cleavage along economic lines + slavery
after resolving internal cleavage -> more prominent world stage = tendency to go between isolationism and world policing
- entered into WW1 + came out well (Woodrow Wilson key figure LoN)
- isolationist tendency among elites (more and more after the Vietnam war)
+ gradual expansion federal state (e.g. 1913 national income tax)
civil rights movement
not many civil rights after wW2 in comparison with European countries
19506-60s = civil rights movement = spurred on by silent revolution
states were protected from federal -> could discriminate as they wished (which fed gov increasingly saw as an issue)
- 1954 Brown vs Board of Education: constitutional court declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
1965 voting rights act (more polling stations etc.)
(Rosa park on “white bus” was not a spontaneous action as claimed)
American exceptionalism
notion that US is unique among nations
“first new nation” : frontier mentality
+ international mission to ‘lead the free world’
absence of old European class, religious or regime conflicts
principles of Americanism:
- freedom (indiv liberty, anti-gov)
- equality of opportunity (not result “pursuit of happiness”)
- individualism
- liberalism (checks on executive power)
- democracy (Lincoln: “of the people, by the people and for the people”)
- property rights (capitalism)
- constitutionalism (constitution as cornerstone of democracy)
American dream as ideological identity/discrimination
cleavages: religion
not that big: no history of absolutism
puritan pilgrims: emphasis on religous freedom (fled absolutist Europe)
no national church = no anticlericalism
religion and democracy go hand in hand
until the 60s: catholics vs protestatns
since 60s: new christian right + republican alignment
strong politicization of: abortion, euthanasia, LGBT+ rights, drugs
cleavages: class
not very important bc:
- suffrage before strong industrialization
- no unified working class
- american dream: equality of opportunity
BUT: very high and growing inequality
ethnicity/race cleavage
- nation of immigrants
- legacy of segregation and racism
- whites have more wealth, still feels marginalized (diff objective difference and subjective feelings)
!not all African Americans vote against Trump: there’s an individual difference between groups (some vote Republican bc they are afraid of authoritarianism)
on average: democrats are more progressive, gaining more votes from minority groups
WASP
= white, anglosaksen, protestant
-> presidential leaders were expected to be this
state structures
majoritarian + liberal elements
separation of powers
- (in)directly elected president
- directly elected bicameral legislature
- powerful judiciary and strong constitution
- powerful states
- importance of veto-powers
- direct democracy
wariness about a strong state
symmetric federalism, but not cooperative like in Germany
majoritarian element: lots of positions have to be decided by majority vote (-> voter fatigue + decreasing turnout)
US president
- (in) directly elected for 4y terms
- eligibility: 35y old + natural born citizen
- appoints/fires cabinet
- nominates judges, ambassadors, public officials (Senate has to approve the nominations)
- commander-in-chief of armed forces
- veto powers (but can be overruled)
- powers expanded over time
impeachment procedure (congress):
treason, bribery and other high crimes
can be initiated with simple majority in the House, Senate conducts the trial
- impeachment: simple majority in the house of representatives + 2/3 majority in the Senate
presidential candidates
chosen with primaries: registered members can vote for the presidential candidates
-> diff electoral systems per party
problem with primaries: create divisions in the party
(still, having primaries increases democratic legitimacy, leading to more votes)
presidential elections
indirect: voting for the Electoral College
all states (except Maine and Nebraska) = FPTP / winner-take-all
-> one party gets all the seats in the electoral college
focus on “swing states” (states where both parties have ~equal levels of support -> elections highly competitive)
Electoral College votes the president
- each state has electors equaling the nr of representatives and senators (+ 3 from DC) -> 538
- states and parties determine manner of selecting their electors
- states determine how electors are allocated
- winners must have majority (not plurality) of 270 votes
- possibiity of “faithless electors”
“faitless electors”: vote is per letter, in all states but Maine and Nebraska electors are asked to vote for the person that won the majority, sometimes there are sneaky electors that vote differently than they were supposed to do
2020: Trump said elections were stolen, Georgia had sent letters for Biden, Trump sent letters for himself and asked vice president Pence to disregard the original letters -> Pence didn’t do it and saved democracy
2016: Clinton won majority, Trump won more states
2020: Biden won majority and most states
political parties
parties/factions originally seen as something to be wary about, in the 80s the main 2 parties came up
- constitution makes no mention of parties
- since 1850s: democrats vs republicans
- traditionally: no strong ideological differences
- lacking internal coherence
- primarily campaign organizations
- no party membership, only ‘registration’
- open structure of parties (see e.g. Trump and Sanders that got really big really fast without that much initial support)
no strong ideologies -> more personal influences
affective polarization
mix ideological and affective polarization
- ideological = partisan cleavage
- affective = emotional divisons us-them (divides that crosscut partisan lines)
unfavorable opinions towards the other group increasing since 1994
- reasons: media echochambers
*media are private -> fox (republican bias) diff media than CNN + they depict each other as the enemy
