URTI Flashcards
What are upper respiratory tract infections?
- Most common infectious illness
- Mainly viruses
What are some types of URTI?
- Common cold
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media
- Pharyngitis
- Laryngitis
- Diptheria
- Epiglottis
- Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
What are some URTI defense mechansims?
- Hair, cilia, mucus, normal flora
- Saliva
- IgA
- Macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils
What are some risk factors for URTI?
- Age
- Sex
- Season (winter > summer)
- Travel
- Smoking
- Underlying illness
How are URTI spread?
- Droplet
- Fomite (objects)
- Aspiration
- Direct
- Airborne
What organism is usually in common cold?
- Rhinovirus
- Coronavirus
- RSV
What symptoms are associated with common cold?
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Rhinits
- vitals are normal, no swelling of pharynx, no fever
What is sinusitis?
- Inflammation of paranasal sinuses
- Can be viral, bacterial or fungal (mainly viral)
- Often follows a cold; rhinovirus, influenza
What bacteria is most common in sinusitis?
- Strep pneumoniae
- HiB
- Moraxella catarhalis
What investigations do we do for sinusitis?
- Sinus X-ray
- CT sinuses
- Sinus aspirate for culture
What treatment is given for bacterial sinusitis?
- Amoxicillin or Clarithromycin if purulent discharge
What are some complications of sinusitis?
- Meningitis
- Brain abscess
- Orbital cellulitis
- Bronchitis
What is acute otitis media?
- Fluid in middle ear
- usually complication of viral URTI
- If bacterial: S. pneumoniae
What treatment is given for otitis media?
same as sinusitis
- Amoxicillin, clarithromycin
What are some complications of AOM?
- Chronic OM
- Mastoiditis
- Attic infection
What are common sore throat conditions?
- Pharyngitis
- Tonsilitis
- Infectious mononucleosis (mono)
What are serious sore throat conditions?
- Epiglottitis
- Tonsillar abscess
- Diptheria
- Gonococcal infection
What organisms are responsible for Pharyngitis/tonsilitis?
Common: VIRUSES (60%)
- Adenovirus
- EBV
Other:
- Strep pyogenes
- Strep Groups C and G
- C. diptheriae
What organisms are responsible for laryngitis?
- VIRAL
What organisms are responsible for epiglottitis?
- H. influenza type B
- C. diptheriae (rare)
How is tonsillitis managed?
- Penicillin 10 days for GAS
- Most patients do not benefit from antibiotics
How is diptheria treated?
- Diptheria anti-toxin
- Penicillin G/erythromycin
How is laryngitis treated?
- Voice rest
- Antibiotics not indicated
- Diptheria could be problem
What is acute epiglottitis?
- Medical emergency
- Can cause complete airway obstruction
- Hamophilus influenza B, GAS, S. pneumoniae
What are clinical features of acute epiglottitis?
- Dyspnoea
- Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- Drooling
- Stridor
- Vital signs abnormal; fever
What are causes of “chesty” coughs
- Acute bronchitis
- Acute bronchiolitis
- Pertussis
- Croup
- Infective exacerbation of COPD
- Pneumonia
What is acute laryngotracheobronchitis?
- Croup
- Parainfluenza, influenza, RSV
- Treatment: O2 and corticosteroids
What organisms cause acute bronchitis?
- Usually viral: rhino, corona, influenza, adeno, RSV
- Bacterial: bordetella, mycoplasma, chlamydia
What treatment is given for acute bronchitis?
- Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline
What causes Infective exacerbation of COPD?
- Viral: Influenza, parainfluenza, rhinovirus
- Bacterial: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis
What treatment is given for Infective exacerbation of COPD?
- Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, doxycycline
- Corticosteroids
- Bronchodilators
- Influenza + pneumococcal vaccine
- Smoking cessation
