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resp > Control of Ventilation > Flashcards

Control of Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the body is ventilation controlled?

A
  • Respiratory centre
  • Brain stem: pons and medulla
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2
Q

Is arterial blood PO2 and PCO2 ever altered?

A
  • No (rarely)
  • Since nervous system adjusts the rate of alveolar ventilation
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3
Q

What are respiratory sensors?

A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Lung receptors
  • Other receptors
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4
Q

What are respiratory effectors?

A
  • Respiratory muscles
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5
Q

What does the medullary respiratory group consist of?

A
  • Dorsal respiratory group
  • Ventral respiratory group
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6
Q

What is the function of the dorsal respiratory group?

A
  • Inspiratory neurons
  • Fire signals inducing muscle contraction → inspiration

external intercostals + diaphgram

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7
Q

What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?

A
  • Both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
  • Remain inactive during quiet breathing
  • Used when demand of ventilation is increased (active expiration)
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8
Q

What kind of breathing rhythms does the medulla generate?

A

pacemaker like activity
- normal breathing (fast, low amplitude)
- sighs (slow, large)

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9
Q

What does the Pons respiratory group consist of?

A
  • Pneumotaxic center
  • Apneustic center
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10
Q

What do the pneumotaxic group do?

A
  • Inhibits inspiratory neurons
  • sends signal to DRG
  • prevents over-inflation of lungs
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11
Q

What does the apneustic group do?

A
  • Prevents inspiratory neurons from being switched off
  • Stimulates DRG and VRG
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12
Q

What is the neuronal oscillatory circuit?

A
  • Inspiratory circuit fires for 2 seconds
  • Inspiratory circuit dormant for 3 seconds (expiration occurs)

expiratory circuit activated during exercise

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13
Q

What are strong and weak breathing impulses?

A
  • Strong: 0.5s inspiration
  • Weak 5-7s inspiration
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14
Q

What is the Hering-Breur Reflex?

A
  • Stretch receptors in lung tissue, bronchi, bronchioles
  • transmit inhibitory signals via vagus nerve (X) to inspiratory area; prevents over inflation go lungs
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15
Q

What does an impaired respiratory circuit cause?

A
  • Hypoventilation + hypoxemia
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16
Q

What inputs lead to the respiratory centres?

A

Airways and lungs: (all via vagus nerve)
- Stretch receptors
- Irritant receptors
- J receptors

Chemoreceptors:
- Peripheral
- Central

17
Q

What are irritant receptors?

A
  • Near epithelial airway cells
  • stimulated by gases, cigarette smoke, dust
  • travel by vagus nerve
  • cough reflex, bronchoconstriction
18
Q

What are J receptors?

A
  • near capillaries in alveoli walls
  • stimulated by pulmonary congestion and oedema
  • travel via vagus nerve
  • cause rapid shallow breathing
19
Q

What is the function of peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • Located near heart in carotid and aortic bodies
  • via vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve to DRG
  • Stimulated by decrease in PaO2 and increase in PaCO2 and H+
  • Increases breathing

a = arterial

20
Q

What is the function of central chemoreceptors?

A
  • Located in medulla
  • stimulated by increase in brain ECF PCO2 and H+
  • Responsible for 80% of ventilatory repsonse to increase PaCO2
  • poor response to arterial H+ = BBB

a = arterial

21
Q

What is the ventilatory response to hypoxia?

A
  • not so sensitive
  • response increases after PaO2 is < 60 mmHg
22
Q

What is the respiratory response to hypercapnia?

A
  • very sensitive
  • increased ventilatory response even with small changes in PaCO2
  • causes increased neuromuscular excitability, tetany, coma
23
Q

What is considered Hypoxic?

A
  • PaO2 < normal
24
Q

What is considered anaemic?

A
  • PaO2 normal
  • O2 content < normal
25
Q

What is Stagnant?

A
  • PaO2 + O2 content normal
  • decreased blood flow
26
Q

What is Histotoxic?

A
  • PaO2, O2 and delivery all normal
  • metabolic poisoning, so tissue cannot use O2 (cyanide)
27
Q

What disorders do you get with decreased ventilation?

A
  • Neurological damage, muscular disorders, obstructive + restrictive diseases
28
Q

What diseases do you get with decreased alveolarcapillary diffusion?

A
  • Emphysema
  • Oedema
  • Fibrosis
  • Atelectasis
29
Q

What diseases do you get with decreased pulmonary transport?

A
  • anemia
  • CO poisoning
30
Q

What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxaemia?

A
  • Hypoxia: decreased PO2 in tissues
  • Hypoxaemia: PO2 less than normal in BLOOD

resp (20 decks)

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