urology pediatric-razi

Question 1

what is the Acute kidney injury creatinine/GFR criteria?

Answer 1

RIFLE
Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss of renal function
End stage renal disease

Question 2

what is the difference between injury and failure?

Answer 2

Injury:
-Increased creatinine x2
or
-GFR decreases >50%

Failure:
-Increased creatinine x3
or
-GFR decreases >75%
or
-Cr>4mg

Question 3

what is the main type of acute kidney injury in children?

Answer 3

pre-renal

Question 4

what is the main cause of pre-renal?

Answer 4

acute gastroenteritis and volume loss

Question 5

…………. is the most important cause of renal injury?

Answer 5

Tubular causes(ATN; lack of blood flow and oxygen to the kidney tissues): prolongation of per-renal injury, snakebite, sepsis, intravascular hemolysis, nephrotoxic agent, rhabdomyolysis, falciparum malaria, leptospirosis

Question 6

Tubular causes(ATN; lack of blood flow and oxygen to the kidney tissues):

Answer 6

prolongation of per-renal injury, snakebite, sepsis, intravascular hemolysis, nephrotoxic agent, rhabdomyolysis, falciparum malaria, leptospirosis

Question 7

Most common complication of upper urinary tract infection is …….

Answer 7

Pyelonepritis scarring

Question 8

Most common colonic bacteria of urinary tract infection?

Answer 8

E coli
And for male: e.coli and proteus

Question 9

Fever may be the only manifestation of ……..

Answer 9

pyelonephritis in children

Question 10

What symptom is not present in cystitis?

Answer 10

Fever

Question 11

Cystitis does not cause …… and does not result in ,,,,,,,,,

Answer 11

Fever
Renal injury

Question 12

What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic cystitis in children?

Answer 12

Adenovirus 11 and 21 (&influenza)

Question 13

pharyngitis(infection), gross hematuria, edema, cardiac gallop, rales, and HYPERtension cause which type of AKI?

Answer 13

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) –> *Intrinsic/Renal AKI *

Question 14

Tachycardia, dry mucous membrane, poor peripheral perfusion cause which type of AKI?

Answer 14

Pre-renal AKI

Question 15

hypercalcemia causes ……….

Answer 15

hyperphosphatemia

Question 16

what are the dialysis indication of AKI?

Answer 16

Hyperkalemia; K+>6.5
Hyponatremia; Na+<120
Metabolic Acidosis; pH<7.2

Question 17

UTI are common in boys who are…..?

Answer 17

during 1st yrs of age
in uncircumcised boys in 1st year

Question 18

when do UTI fist start occurring in females?

Answer 18

by the age of 5, with peak during infancy and toilet training

Question 19

what is the most common microbe causing UTI in girls/boys

Answer 19

girls: Ecoli
boys: proteus is as common as E.coli

Question 20

symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 20

abdominal, back, flank pain (costolumbar region); fever; tremble; malaise; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea

Question 21

symptoms of pyelonephritis in newborns?

Answer 21

poor feeding, irritability, jaundice, and weight loss

Question 22

symptoms of cystitis?

Answer 22

-dysuria
-urgency
-frequency
-suprapubic pain
-incontinence
-dark, cloudy, and malodorous(smelly) urine

Question 23

what is not a symptom of cystitis?

Answer 23

flank pain, vomiting, diarrhea, & fever

Question 24

what are the risk factors for UTI ?

Answer 24

*being a female
uncircumcised male
*vesicoureteral reflux
toilet training
voiding dysfunction

Question 25

is pyuria an indication of infection?

Answer 25

pyuria(white cells in the urine) can occur in infection but they can be independent of each other , meaning pyuria can occur in the absence of infection and infection can occur in the absence of pyuria

Question 26

what is sterile pyuria and what is it caused by?

Answer 26

persistent finding of white cells in the urine in the absence of bacteria
-caused by high fever
-indicated by negative culture of bacteria

Question 27

what is the most sensitive indication for acute pyelonephritis

Answer 27

white blood cell casts

Question 28

what is the time limit for urine to be left out in room temp?

Answer 28

60 min after that it should be thrown out

Question 29

if a child has had only 1 UTI without fever, what kind of imaging method must be obtained?

Answer 29

sonogram–> if result was abnormal we need to obtain Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCUG)

Question 30

voiding urethrocystogram is the diagnostic method used for which case ?

Answer 30

for vesicoureteral reflux, which causes frequent UTI in children