Urology Pass Test Flashcards
What renal problem can occur after bacterial pharyngitis?
Post infectious glomerulonephritis
How can hyperparathyroidism cause renal stones
Hypercalcaemia causes renal stones
What is an isograft?
Transplant of an organ from two people who are genetically identical (ie identical twins)
What is allograft?
Transplant of an organ from two individuals who are not genetically identical
What is an autograft?
Transplanted tissue from the same individual
What is an orthotopic graft?
Transplanted in its normal anatomical position (skin to skin)
What is a xenografts?
Transplanted from a recipient of a different species (ie porcine heart valves)
What is paraphimosis?
Retraction of the prepuce becoming tight leading to swelling of the glans (emergency - can be caused by not replacing the foreskin after cathetarisation)
What is phimosis
Tight foreskin which will not retract over the glans
The majority of penile cancers are what type
SCC
What is balanitis xerotica obliterated s
Male genital lichen sclerosis
What causes painful intercourse due to penile angulation
Peyronie’s disease (fibrous tissue)
What is the main immunotherapy used in bladder cancer
BCG
How do you treat paraphimosis
Try and gently reduce the foreskin with saline
If not working urgent referral to urology
Abdo pain and pancreatitis leading to diabetes in a young man suggests
CF
The left renal vein receives blood from the
Left adrenal vein and the left gonadal vein
How does graft rejection usually present
Fever and tachycardia indicate inflammatory process
Graft tenderness and enlargement of the graft
What is graft versus host disease?
Engraftment of donor lymphocytes in immunocompromised recipients (transplanted haematological stem cells start to produce new blood cells)
How does graft versus host disease present?
Fever diarrhoea na ddereanged LfTs
What does a 24FR catheter mean
The external circumference of the catheter is approx 24 mm
What is a varicocele
Varices it’s of the pampiniform plexus which can warrant investigation for a renal cell carcinoma
What is a hydrocele
Cyst arising from the testis
Failure to respond to abx in pyelonephritis could indicate what and how would you show this on investigation
Obstruction with super added infection
Show on renal tract US
What is pneumaturia
Passing bubbles in urine
How can you show a fistula between bladder and bowel on scan
Barium enema
Oliguric immediately post transplant could indicate
Acute tubular necrosis
Bag of worms in testes on exam
Varicocele
What chronic infection is known to cause sterility
TB
Treat infected obstructed system
Percutaneous nephrostomy
The testes drain to what nodes
The lateral aortic modes
Give 4 causes of a fistula between rectum and bladder
Diverticula disease
Crohn’s disease
Bladder ca
Diabetes
How can dilation of the SMA lead to a varicocele
Left renal vein compressed by SMA at nutcracker angle leading to varicocele
What are the three main causes of haematospermia
Trauma UTI
STI
What are the two main antigypertensives well known for causing impotence
Beta blockers and thiazides
Hyper acute rejection of transplants occurs when
Within minutes of transplant
Complications of prostatism if left untreated
Bladder outflow obstruction leading to chronic detention of urine
Prostate cancer
How does torsion typically present
Pyrex is
Horizontal lie of testes
Absent discharge
Clear urine
Patients with advanced prostate cancer are treated with
Hormone therapy
BPH with short term catheter and alpha blocker not working do
TURP
When is percutaneous ureterolithotkmy indicated
If stone greater than 2cm; in staghorm calculus; cystine stones or when ESwL not indicated such as in obesity
Rumour which resembles glomeruli
Yolk cell tumour
