Urology and Renal Flashcards
What could chronic haematuria with intermittent loin pain suggest?
APKD
A patient has a fever, renal and pulmonary disease with a CXR showing bilateral pulmonary infiltrates from pulmonary haemorrhages. What condition does this patient have?
Goodpastures syndrome
A patient has a blocked suprapubic catheter which required multiple flushes. What is the most appropriate investigation and why?
Arrange a cystoscopy as clots/ stones can increase the risk of bladder cancer
What is the first line treatment for a staghorn calculus?
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
What is a cause of renal artery stenosis in young women?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Describe urine output in stage 1 AKI.
<0.5ml/kg/hr in the last 6 hours
Describe urine output in stage 2 AKI.
<0.5ml/kg/hr in the last 12 hours
Describe urine output in stage 3 AKI.
<0.3 ml/kg/hr in the last 12 hours
A patient has a palpable bladder and is in pain. What is the first management?
Insert a catheter
Which one causes haematuria between membranous glomerulonephritis vs membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
Membranoproliferative glomerulopnerphritis
(membranous glomerulonephritis = membranous nephropathy)
What is the criteria to diagnose CKD?
eGFR <60 for more than 3 months
What pathogen causes sore throat and glomerulonephritis?
group A strep (Streptococcus pyogenes)
How is nephrotic syndrome a risk factor for DVT?
Leads to loss of antithrombin III and plasminogen
In pregnancy, which antibiotics are safe to treat UTIs?
Cephalexin
Penicillins
What is the first line treatment for T2DM with proteinuria?
ACEi
What disease causes calculi in the papilla of kidneys in a patient with a history of UTIs and kidney stones?
Medullary sponge kidney
How can an aortic aneurysm lead to oliguria?
Acute tubular necrosis due to ischaemia
How can bladder cancer affect the ureters and kidneys as a complication?
Bilateral hydronephrosis
What medication can be given in secondary hyperparathyroidsm to treat high phosphate levels?
Sevelamer (phosphate binder)
An asian patient has protein and blood in their urine after exercise, what do they have?
IgA nephropathy
What is the first investigation before imaging in a <45 year old with visible haematuria?
Urine MCS
What imaging is indicated in children with UTI?
USS
What treatment is given to normocytic anaemia secondary to CKD?
IV or subcutaneous EPO
What treatment is given to treat hypocalcaemia secondary to CKD?
Alfacalcidiol
What treatment is given to treat hypertension in chronic end failure kidney disease?
CCB/ B blocker
ACEi can worsen renal failure
In which 3 renal conditions is ACEi protective in?
Glomerulonephritis
Lupus nephritis
Systemic sclerosis
What can help clear calcium in hypercalcaemia?
Loop diuretics
What dose of bumetanide is equivalent to 40mg of furosemide?
1mg of bumetanide
What imaging is indicated within 6 hours of pyelonephritis?
US KUB
Which lymph nodes will transitional cell carcinoma metastasise to ?
Para-aortic lymph nodes
Why does pruritis indicate haemodialysis?
Ureamic symptom
What is a common short term complication of dialysis?
Hypoglycaemia
What medication is given to treat UTI in CKD?
Trimethoprim
What causes type 1 renal acidosis?
Amyloidosis
Increased H+ retention and decreased Potassium
What causes type 2 renal acidosos?
Fanconi
Increased bicarbonate excretion
What causes type 3 renal acidosis?
Lack of aldosterone
Increased serum potassium
When is haemofiltration preferred over haemodialysis?
Critically ill CKD patients as there is a lower risk of haemodynamic instability
How are ureteric stones <10mm treated?
Shockwave lithotripsy
How are ureteric stones 10-20mm treated?
Urteroscopy
