Urology Flashcards
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium - 85% of all stones
What is the most specific imaging modality for diagnosising kidney stones -
CT scan.
Will a spermatocoele transiluminate?
yes
A kidney stone of less than what size will likely pass on its own
Less than 5mm
List 3 possible treatments for stress incontinence in women.
Kegel exercises, estrogen replacement, bladder sling
a 65 yo male presents wit urinary frequency. On digital rectal exam you feel and elastic moderately enlarged prostate. what is the most likely diagnosis?
BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy)
A PSA (prostatic specific antigen) above what level should make you concerned?
> 4.0
Give 2 major risk factors for erectile dysfunction?
diabetes, hypertension, depression, CAD, medications
List one major risk factor for bladder cancer?
smoking
Define paraphimosis.
the foreskin is retracted behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal state/ reduced.
Which is an emergency - phimosis or paraphimosis?
paraphimosis
What is the name of the condition that involves fibrous scar tissue in the penis causing a curvature of the erect penis?
Peyronie’s disease
Both testicles should be descended by what age?
3 months
Feeling a bag of worms in the scrotum should make you think of what diagnosis??
varicoele.
A fluid filled painless scrotal mass which transilluminates should make you think of what diagnosis?
hydrocoele.
what is the first line treatment for a varicocele
Watchful waiting unless there is a question of fertility
Name the sign which is defined as decreased pain with scrotal elevation
Prehns sign
Maltese crosses in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis
Nephrotic syndrome.
What is th study of choice if you suspect bladder cancer?
Cystoscopy and biopsy
What is the most likely diagnosisfor a free loating painless cystic mass found posterior and superior to the testis?
spermatococele
what is the age range typical for testicular torsion?
10-20 yo
Where is the epididymis found?
at the posterior upper pole
What is the best imaging to rule out testicular torsion?
Doppler US for decreased blood flow to the testes
What are the 2 most common causes of epidiymitis
N gonorhhea and chlamydia
What medication classes are prescribed in order to prevent chronic renal failure in diabetic patients?
ACEIs, and ARBs
Will an epididymitis feel better with scrotal elevation (Prehn’s sign)?
yes it should
What is the normal level of serum bicarb??
24 mEq/L
What is the best treatment for epidiymitis?
Ceftriaxone and doxycycline
What is the first line antibiotic treatment for cystitis?
Bactrim
What is the most common organism that causes a bladder infection?
E coli
Tenderness at the costovertebral angle should make you think of what diagnosis?
pyelonephritis
What is the condition where the urethral meatus is not at the tip of the penis
hypospadias and in far fewer cases epispadias
What is the most common organism responsible for prostatits?
E coli
What is the first line treatment for prostatitis?
Bactrim x 4-6 weeks
List 2 risk factors for prostate cancer?
Advancing age, African American, positive family istroy, high fat diet
What might you feel on a digital rectal exam of a patient with prostate cancer?
enlarged prostate, hard nodules within the prostate
Define priapism
Painful persistent erection
A prostate biospy consists of how many samples?
6-12 ( multiple samples from all lobes)
Painless hematuria shoudl make you think of what diagnosis?
bladder cancer
What is the most common bladder cancer?
transitional cell cancer
What area of the prostate is the primary site for prostate cancer?
The peripheral zone
An involuntary loss of urine during coughing of laughing is known as what type of incontinence?
Stress incontinence
A patient with normal bladder function, but cannot get to the bathroom in time has what type of incontinence?
Functional incontinence
What type of incontinence is often associated with BPH?
overflow incontinence - the bladder cannot empty sufficiently (because of obstruction)
At what age do you begin screening patients for prostate cancer?What 2 tests are used?
Age 50 - Digital rectam exam and PSA are recommended.
Often caused by chlamydia - what is the syndrome characterized by urethritis (cervicitis), arthritis and uveitis/conjuctivitis?
Reiter’s syndrome.
What is the most common type of testicular cancer
Nonseminoma
what is the normal PH of the blood
7.35-7.45
What is the most accurate way to diagnose urethritis?
Urine PCR
what is considered a normal PCO2?
40mmHg
An ABG shows a pH of 7.2, a bicarb of 25 and Pco2 of 50 is this respiratory or metabolic acidoisis?
Respiratory acidoisis - the PCO2 is elevated.
White blood cell casts should make you think of what disorder?
Pyelonephritis
Define phimosis
a condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the penis head.
Name the condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and the shaft of the penis? (often seen with hypospadias)
Chordee
How do you treat urethritis?
Ceftriaxone and doxycycline
A 3 you boy presents with hematuria and a painless palpable abdonimal mass. Whats the most likely diagnosis?
Wilms tumor
List 3 possible causes of prerenal renal failure.
CHF, severe dehydration and hemorrhage
What is the most common cause of post renal renal failure
BPH, postrenal renal failure is secondary to outflow obstruction.
Muddy-brown sediment in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis?
Acute tubular necrosis
TEa-colored urine with red blood cell casts should make you think of what diagnosis?
Glomerular nephritits
What are the 2 most common predisposing factors in the development of the chronic renal failure?
HTN and DM
A sponge like prostate on digital rectal exam should make you think of what diagnosis?
prostatitis - but be careful. You can cause sepsis with a digital rectal exam.
Will a serum potassium be decreased or elevated in renal failure?
elevated.
A urine protein of > 3.5 gm / day should make you think of what diagnosis?
nephrotic syndrome
what hereditary pattern does polycystic kidney disease follow?
Autosomal dominant
