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PANRE > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

A

Calcium - 85% of all stones

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2
Q

What is the most specific imaging modality for diagnosising kidney stones -

A

CT scan.

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3
Q

Will a spermatocoele transiluminate?

A

yes

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4
Q

A kidney stone of less than what size will likely pass on its own

A

Less than 5mm

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5
Q

List 3 possible treatments for stress incontinence in women.

A

Kegel exercises, estrogen replacement, bladder sling

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6
Q

a 65 yo male presents wit urinary frequency. On digital rectal exam you feel and elastic moderately enlarged prostate. what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

BPH (Benign prostatic hypertrophy)

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7
Q

A PSA (prostatic specific antigen) above what level should make you concerned?

A

> 4.0

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8
Q

Give 2 major risk factors for erectile dysfunction?

A

diabetes, hypertension, depression, CAD, medications

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9
Q

List one major risk factor for bladder cancer?

A

smoking

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10
Q

Define paraphimosis.

A

the foreskin is retracted behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal state/ reduced.

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11
Q

Which is an emergency - phimosis or paraphimosis?

A

paraphimosis

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12
Q

What is the name of the condition that involves fibrous scar tissue in the penis causing a curvature of the erect penis?

A

Peyronie’s disease

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13
Q

Both testicles should be descended by what age?

A

3 months

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14
Q

Feeling a bag of worms in the scrotum should make you think of what diagnosis??

A

varicoele.

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15
Q

A fluid filled painless scrotal mass which transilluminates should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

hydrocoele.

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16
Q

what is the first line treatment for a varicocele

A

Watchful waiting unless there is a question of fertility

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17
Q

Name the sign which is defined as decreased pain with scrotal elevation

A

Prehns sign

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18
Q

Maltese crosses in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis

A

Nephrotic syndrome.

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19
Q

What is th study of choice if you suspect bladder cancer?

A

Cystoscopy and biopsy

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20
Q

What is the most likely diagnosisfor a free loating painless cystic mass found posterior and superior to the testis?

A

spermatococele

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21
Q

what is the age range typical for testicular torsion?

A

10-20 yo

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22
Q

Where is the epididymis found?

A

at the posterior upper pole

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23
Q

What is the best imaging to rule out testicular torsion?

A

Doppler US for decreased blood flow to the testes

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24
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of epidiymitis

A

N gonorhhea and chlamydia

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25
Q

What medication classes are prescribed in order to prevent chronic renal failure in diabetic patients?

A

ACEIs, and ARBs

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26
Q

Will an epididymitis feel better with scrotal elevation (Prehn’s sign)?

A

yes it should

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27
Q

What is the normal level of serum bicarb??

A

24 mEq/L

28
Q

What is the best treatment for epidiymitis?

A

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

29
Q

What is the first line antibiotic treatment for cystitis?

A

Bactrim

30
Q

What is the most common organism that causes a bladder infection?

A

E coli

31
Q

Tenderness at the costovertebral angle should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

pyelonephritis

32
Q

What is the condition where the urethral meatus is not at the tip of the penis

A

hypospadias and in far fewer cases epispadias

33
Q

What is the most common organism responsible for prostatits?

A

E coli

34
Q

What is the first line treatment for prostatitis?

A

Bactrim x 4-6 weeks

35
Q

List 2 risk factors for prostate cancer?

A

Advancing age, African American, positive family istroy, high fat diet

36
Q

What might you feel on a digital rectal exam of a patient with prostate cancer?

A

enlarged prostate, hard nodules within the prostate

37
Q

Define priapism

A

Painful persistent erection

38
Q

A prostate biospy consists of how many samples?

A

6-12 ( multiple samples from all lobes)

39
Q

Painless hematuria shoudl make you think of what diagnosis?

A

bladder cancer

40
Q

What is the most common bladder cancer?

A

transitional cell cancer

41
Q

What area of the prostate is the primary site for prostate cancer?

A

The peripheral zone

42
Q

An involuntary loss of urine during coughing of laughing is known as what type of incontinence?

A

Stress incontinence

43
Q

A patient with normal bladder function, but cannot get to the bathroom in time has what type of incontinence?

A

Functional incontinence

44
Q

What type of incontinence is often associated with BPH?

A

overflow incontinence - the bladder cannot empty sufficiently (because of obstruction)

45
Q

At what age do you begin screening patients for prostate cancer?What 2 tests are used?

A

Age 50 - Digital rectam exam and PSA are recommended.

46
Q

Often caused by chlamydia - what is the syndrome characterized by urethritis (cervicitis), arthritis and uveitis/conjuctivitis?

A

Reiter’s syndrome.

47
Q

What is the most common type of testicular cancer

A

Nonseminoma

48
Q

what is the normal PH of the blood

A

7.35-7.45

49
Q

What is the most accurate way to diagnose urethritis?

A

Urine PCR

50
Q

what is considered a normal PCO2?

A

40mmHg

51
Q

An ABG shows a pH of 7.2, a bicarb of 25 and Pco2 of 50 is this respiratory or metabolic acidoisis?

A

Respiratory acidoisis - the PCO2 is elevated.

52
Q

White blood cell casts should make you think of what disorder?

A

Pyelonephritis

53
Q

Define phimosis

A

a condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the penis head.

54
Q

Name the condition in which the head of the penis curves downward or upward, at the junction of the head and the shaft of the penis? (often seen with hypospadias)

A

Chordee

55
Q

How do you treat urethritis?

A

Ceftriaxone and doxycycline

56
Q

A 3 you boy presents with hematuria and a painless palpable abdonimal mass. Whats the most likely diagnosis?

A

Wilms tumor

57
Q

List 3 possible causes of prerenal renal failure.

A

CHF, severe dehydration and hemorrhage

58
Q

What is the most common cause of post renal renal failure

A

BPH, postrenal renal failure is secondary to outflow obstruction.

59
Q

Muddy-brown sediment in the urine should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

60
Q

TEa-colored urine with red blood cell casts should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Glomerular nephritits

61
Q

What are the 2 most common predisposing factors in the development of the chronic renal failure?

A

HTN and DM

62
Q

A sponge like prostate on digital rectal exam should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

prostatitis - but be careful. You can cause sepsis with a digital rectal exam.

63
Q

Will a serum potassium be decreased or elevated in renal failure?

A

elevated.

64
Q

A urine protein of > 3.5 gm / day should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

nephrotic syndrome

65
Q

what hereditary pattern does polycystic kidney disease follow?

A

Autosomal dominant

PANRE (12 decks)

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