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panre > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

/What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH and vasopressin)

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2
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Ischemia of the pituitary due to volume depletion after or during childbirth

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3
Q

How do glitizones work?

A

the improve insulin sensitivity

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4
Q

What it the Most common pituitary adenoma

A

Prolactinoma

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5
Q

Large doughy hands should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Gigantism

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6
Q

Diabetes insipidius is caused by a deficiency of which hormone?

A

Vasopressin

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7
Q

How much more potent is T3 compared to T4

A

3-4x

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8
Q

What is the first line medical treatment of a pheochromocytoma?

A

Alpha blocker. You should never use a pure beta blocker

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9
Q

What is the best imaging for a thyroid nodule?

A

Ultrasound

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10
Q

A patient presents with erectile dysfunction and complains of some numbness in his feet. On a second thought he has noticed significant polyuria and polydipsia. What diagnosis should you be thinking of>

A

Diabetes neuorpathy

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11
Q

Pretibial myxedema should make you think of what diagnosis>

A

Graves’s disease

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12
Q

a 35 yo female present with heat intolerance, weight loss and palpitations. What is the most likely diagnosis>

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

What is the first line medical treatment for a patient who presents with palpitations and nervousness secondary to hyperthyroidism?

A

beta blockers

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14
Q

What is Hashimotos’ disease?

A

An autoimmune cause of hypothryoid

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15
Q

How does Levothyroxine work?

A

It is synthetic T4

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16
Q

What is the Most common thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary - make up about 80% of all thyroid cancers

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17
Q

In a patient with hyperthyroidism will TSH most likely be elevated or decreased?

A

decreased.

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18
Q

How do vibrates work to affect the lipid profile?

A

they inhibit synthesis of VLDL and elevate lipoprotein lipase

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19
Q

What medication might you used prior to thyroidectomy in a patient with hyperthyroidism?

A

Methimazole or Propylthiouracil (PTU)

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20
Q

What is included in Whipple’s triad of hypoglycemia?

A

History of previous hypogylcemia, serum glucose of <40, immediate recovery upon administration of glucose

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21
Q

Positive antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Hashimoto’s

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22
Q

What is the treatment for tibial myxedema?

A

Levothyroxine and slow warming

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23
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoparathyroid ?

A

Post thyroidectomy with the complication of parathyroidectomy

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24
Q

What is Chvostek’s sign?

A

tap on the facial nerve and get a twitch with low calcium

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25
Q

Cortical adrenal insufficiency is also know as what disease?

A

Addison’s disease

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26
Q

What is Trousseau’s sign?

A

Inflate a BP cuff and hold for 3 minutes. Patients with hypocalcemia will get carpal tunnel symptoms

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27
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Single parathyroid adenoma in 80% of cases

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28
Q

On Cushing’s disease is ACTH elevated of decreased?

A

Elevated

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29
Q

What is Grave’s disease

A

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism. ITs an autoimmune disease

30
Q

What specific breathing pattern is associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

Kussmaul’s respirations

31
Q

What is the least aggressive type of thyroid cancer?

A

Paillary

32
Q

Name 2 tests you might use to rule out Cushing’s syndrome

A

24 hour urnine free cortisol

dexamthasone suppression test

33
Q

List 2 ectopic tumors that may produce ACTH and give a patient Cushing’s syndrome

A

Small cell lung CA
Pancreatic islet cells
thymomas

34
Q

What is the treatment of Addison’s disease?

A

hydrocortisone or prednisone

35
Q

What is the test to begin with if you suspect a pheochromocytoma?

A

24 hour urine for catecholamines

36
Q

Exopthalmos should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

hyperthyroidism

37
Q

What percentage of diabetes in the US is type 2?

A

80-90%

38
Q

HLD-DR gene is a marker for what endocrine disorder?

A

DM type 1

39
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

increase serum Ca

40
Q

List 4 diagnostic criteria for diabetes?

A

Random glucose > 200
fasting glucose >126
postprandial glucose > 200
HGB a1c > 6.5

41
Q

Moans, groans, stones and bones describe symptoms of what endocrine problem?

A

hyperparathyroid

42
Q

Stocking glove anesthesia should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Diabetic neuropathy and B12 defieincy

43
Q

Fruity breathe should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

44
Q

As it related to diabetes, what is the dawn phenomenon?

A

reduced insulin response between 5 - 8 am

45
Q

What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?

A

Tumor

46
Q

How does metformin work?

A

decreases hepatic glucose production and increases peripheral glucose uptake

47
Q

How do sulfoynlureas work?

A

They stimulate the production of insulin

48
Q

What class of medicines does pioglitazone (ACTOS) fall into?

A

Thiazolidinediones - also know as glitazones

49
Q

What is the suffix associated with sulfonylureas?

A

‘-ide” is the suffix - glipizide, tolbutamide, tolazamide

50
Q

Typically what is the first medication started in Type 2 DM?

A

metformin

51
Q

How often should a diabetics HgBA1c be checked and what should it be?

A

q 3 months(RBC life is 90-120 days) and it should be below 6.5%

52
Q

What are the 5 criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A 
HDL<40 males/ 50females
BP >135/85
Triglycerides >150
Fasting glucose > 100
Waist > 40 inches men/35 inches women
53
Q

What class of medications is the first line for lowering LDL?

A

-statins

54
Q

Which lipid medications can cause flushing?

A

niacin

55
Q

What life threatening side effect do statins have?

A

Rhabdomylolsis

56
Q

Does niacin increase or decrease HDL?

A

increases

57
Q

What medication class does metformin belong?

A

Biguianides

58
Q

List the 5 insulins in order of peak efficacy

A 
Lispro - 1-2 hours
Regular 2-4 hours
NPH 507 hours
Lente 4-8 hours 
Ultralente 8-14 hours
59
Q

IS met forming indicated or contraindicated in patients with renal failure?

A

Contraindicated

60
Q

What is the most common cause of DM type 1?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the islet cells in the pancreas

61
Q

List 4 physics exam findings for Cushing’s syndrome

A 
Moon face
buffalo hump, purple straie
central obesity
supraclavicular fat pads
easy bruising
62
Q

Propanolol belongs to what category of medications

A

beta blockers

63
Q

During pregnancy this is the preferred treatment of hyperthyroidism? PTU or methimazole

A

PTU

64
Q

Name the 4 thyroid cancers

A

papillary,
follicular,
medullary
anapestic

65
Q

What heparin complication is relevant to endocrinology?

A

Adrenal infarct leading to Cushing’s syndrome

66
Q

How does nicotinic acid work to affect the lipid profile?

A

It inhibits the secretion of VLDL

67
Q

Hperpigmentation of the skin along creases should make you think of what diagnosis?

A

Addison’s disease

68
Q

Which type of thyroid cancer is most aggressive?

A

Anaplastic

69
Q

How do statins work to affect the lipid profile

A

They slow the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthiesis

70
Q

Will ACTH bee elevated or decreased I Addison’s disease?

A

Elevated if the problem is at the level of the adrenal glands

71
Q

What role does C-peptide play in the diagnosis of diabetes

A

It is a marker of insulin production. Elevated C-peptide points to DM type 2. Decreased C-peptide points to type 1

panre (12 decks)

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