Urology

Question 1

What type of testicular cancer are the following tumour markers associated with?

• HGG
• LDH
• AFP
• PLAP

Answer 1

• HCG: choriocarcinomas
• LDH Bulky tumours, either seminoma or teratoma
• AFP: teratoma
• PLAP: seminoma

Question 2

What are the most common stones in renal colic?

Answer 2

1. 75% are calcium oxalate
2. Uric acid stones (10%)
3. Others are rarer (< 5%)

Question 3

What medication can be given to prevent the formation of calcium-rich renal stones?

Answer 3

Thiazide diuretics (increase calcium resorbtion and therefore decrease urinary calcium)

Question 4

What are the 4 (5) definitive management options for removal of renal stones?

Depending on stone size What are the indications?

Answer 4

1. Conservative (watch and wait for spontaneous passing or medical expulsion with tamsulosin (alpha blocker)) < 10mm
2. Shock wafe lithotripsy (10-20mm + < 10mm if conservative unsuccesful)
3. Ureteroscopy ( 10-20mm)
4. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
5. Laparoscopic stone removal