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TCD Cases > Urological Diseases > Flashcards

Urological Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Suggest 6 potential causes of haematuria

A
  1. Bladder cancer (particularly if painless)
  2. Renal cancer
  3. UTI
  4. Stones
  5. Prostate disease
  6. Nephrological disease
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2
Q

On investigation, how would you distinguish glomerular bleeding from other causes of haematuria?

A

Presence of dysmorphic RBC’s seen on urine sample microscopy

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3
Q

Give 5 metabolic conditions which can give rise to recurrent kidney stones

A
  1. Type 1 renal tubular acidosis
  2. Hyperparathyroidism
  3. Cystinuria
  4. Sarcoidosis
  5. Crohn’s disease (enteric hyperoxaluria)
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4
Q

What are the 3 most common renal stone compositions?

A
  1. Calcium oxalate (75%)
  2. Struvite ‘staghorn’ (10%)
  3. Urate (radiolucent) (10%)
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5
Q

Name 2 common benign renal tumours

A
  1. Angiomyolipomas

2. Oncocytoma

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6
Q

What are the 2 most common malignant tumours of the renal tracts?

A
  1. Renal cell carcinoma

2. Transitional cell carcinoma

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7
Q

Recall the classical triad of symptoms associated with renal cell carcinoma

A
  1. Haematuria
  2. Pain
  3. Flank mass
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8
Q

Give 5 risk factors associated with transitional cell carcinoma

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Cyclophosphamide
  3. Schistosomiasis
  4. Radiotherapy
  5. Occupational exposure
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9
Q

Recall 4 risk factors for papillary necrosis

A
  1. Analgesia e.g. NSAIDS
  2. Diabetes
  3. Sickel cell disease
  4. Infection
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10
Q

What is the most common genetic renal disease?

A

ADPKD - Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

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11
Q

Outline 9 differentials for renal colic

A
  1. Pyelonephritis
  2. Ectopic pregnancy
  3. Torted ovarian cyst
  4. Appendicitis
  5. Diverticulitis
  6. Pancreatitis
  7. Cholecystitis
  8. Ruptured AAA
  9. MS pain
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12
Q

Give 2 antibiotics that can be administered IV for the treatment of pyelonephritis with pyrexia

A
  1. Gentamicin

2. Temocillin

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13
Q

Define stage pTa of bladder cancer

A

Tumour cells confined to the epithelium

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14
Q

Define cis stage of bladder cancer

A

Aggressive cells confined to the epithelium, usually a ‘flat tumour’

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15
Q

Define stage T1 of bladder cancer

A

Tumour cells in sub-epithelial connective tissue

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16
Q

Define stage T2/T3 of bladder cancer

A

Tumour cells in bladder wall muscle

17
Q

Define stage T4 of bladder cancer

A

Tumour cells in adjacent organs such as prostate or uterus

18
Q

Recall the 7 components of the international prostate symptom score

A
  1. Incomplete emptying
  2. Frequency
  3. Intermittency
  4. Urgency
  5. Weak stream
  6. Straining
  7. Nocturia
19
Q

Outline the 4 main reasons for referral of a UTI to a urologist

A
  1. Failure to respond to antibiotic therapy
  2. Recurrent UTI
  3. Men with symptoms of upper UTI
  4. Haematuria

TCD Cases (25 decks)

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