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TCD Cases > Bowel Cancer > Flashcards

Bowel Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Suggest 5 common differentials for fresh red blood in the stool

A
  1. Haemorrhoids
  2. Acute anal fissure
  3. Colo-rectal neoplasm
  4. Acute proctitis
  5. Inflammatory bowel disease
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2
Q

Define an acute anal fissure

A

Break/ tear in the skin of the anal canal leading to significant pain on passing stool and bright red bleeding PR

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3
Q

What are the 3 most common forms of malignancy diagnosed in the UK?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
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4
Q

Outline the Duke’s stages of bowel cancer

A

A - Exclusively in the inner lining of the colon or rectum with very little growth into the muscle layer
B - Cancer has grown through the muscle layer of the colon or rectum
C - Cancer has spread to at least one local lymph node
D - Cancer has spread to another area of the body

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5
Q

Name 4 genes that are recognised to predispose an individual to the development of bowel cancer

A
  1. APC
  2. k-RAS
  3. DCC
  4. P53
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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the P53 gene?

A

Tumour suppressor

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of k-RAS gene?

A

GTPase signal transducer

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8
Q

What is the genetic pathology behind HNPCC?

A

Inherited mutation in MMR genes which leads to micro satellite instability in the genome

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9
Q

Give 4 recognised risk factors for diverticular disease of the colon

A
  1. High intake of red meat
  2. Hereditary factors
  3. Chronic constipation
  4. Increasing age
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10
Q

Suggest 4 complications of colonic diverticuli

A
  1. Infection leading to diverticulitis
  2. Bleeding
  3. Perforation
  4. Abscess formation
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11
Q

Suggest 3 potential causes of generalised acute abdominal pain

A
  1. Perforated viscous
  2. Acute pancreatitis
  3. Diabetic ketoacidosis
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12
Q

Give 4 potential causes of right upper quadrant pain

A
  1. Gallbladder disease
  2. Duodenal ulcer
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Pneumonia
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13
Q

Give 3 potential causes of left upper quadrant pain

A
  1. Acute pancreatitis
  2. Spontaneous splenic rupture
  3. Pneumonia
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14
Q

Suggest 7 potential causes of right iliac fossa pain

A
  1. Acute appendicitis
  2. Perforated duodenal ulcer
  3. Crohn’s disease
  4. Diverticulitis
  5. Renal colic
  6. Constipation
  7. Obs and Gynae - Ectopic pregnancy, ovarian cyst, salpingitis
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15
Q

Suggest 2 potential causes of epigastric pain

A
  1. Acute pancreatitis

2. Peptic or duodenal ulcer

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16
Q

Suggest 4 potential causes of central abdominal pain

A
  1. Early appendicitis
  2. Small bowel obstruction
  3. Acute pancreatitis
  4. Mesenteric ischaemia
17
Q

What type of bowel sounds are heard in cases of peritonitis?

A

Bowel sounds are absent

TCD Cases (25 decks)

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