urolithiasis in SA Flashcards
why do crystals form
urine is supersaturated and a change in pH
signs of cystoliths
dysuria/pollakiuria/haematuria
signs of urethroliths
licking genitals, abdo discomfort, poor/no urine stream, obstruction and azotaemic, enlarged bladder - feel stones?
signs of nephroliths and ureteroliths
renal colic?, could b asymptomatic, pyelonephritis, renal failure if bilateral obstruction
ways to dx uroliths
plain radiographs, US, contrast radiograph
tx for renal and ureteral stones
sx removal, urinary bypass, dietary dissolution
tx for bladder stones
medical dissolution, cystotomy, voiding hydropulsion
tx for urethral stones
urethrotomy, urethrostomy, retrograde flush into bladder
explain medical management
increased solubility of salts by changing pH of the urine w diet
how to dx strive stones
show moderate to marked in radiograph
tx of struvite stones
reduce urinary magnesium, ammonium, phosphate. maintain pH
why do struvite stones occur
concurrent UTI - urease producing bacteria cleave urea -> ammonium + bicarbonate
problem with struvite prevention diet
may grow calcium oxalate stones!
how to dx calcium oxalate stones
markedly radiopaque
what breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate crystals
terriers, poodles, schnauzers/burmese, himalayan, persian
tx for calcium oxalate crystals
sx, urohydropulsion, medical dissolution may b possible
what stones are dalmatians prone to and why
ammonium urate because cannot transport uric acid into hepatocytes
tx for ammonium urate crystals
sx removal, reduced purine diet, tx UTI or any liver dz
why do animals get cystine crystals
congenital defect where tubules defective and allow too much cystine into urine - poorly soluble
