ARF

Question 1

define ARF

Answer 1

sudden onset of haemodynamics, filtration and excretion failure of the kidneys = accumulation of metabolic toxins and dyers of fluid, electrolytes and acid-base balance

Question 2

define AKI

Answer 2

sudden reduction of kidney function that can be repaired if the BM is intact

Question 3

explain pre-renal azotaemia

Answer 3

high production of nitrogenous waste (urea) ± low GFR due to reduced renal perfusion

Question 4

how do you know its pre-renal

Answer 4

good USG, good response to fluids, presents dehydrated, hypovolaemic

Question 5

explain renal azotaemia

Answer 5

azotaemia due to low GFR due to intrinsic or functional renal dz

Question 6

explain tubular necrosis

Answer 6

due to toxins or ischaemia come together to cause acquired ARF/AKI

Question 7

causes of acquired AKI/ARF

Answer 7

cardiac dz, dehydration, anaesthesia/surgery, nephrotoxic drugs, fever, pre-existing renal dz, older

Question 8

causes of interstitial nephritis

Answer 8

pyelonephritis, leptospirosis

Question 9

explain post-renal azotaemia

Answer 9

reabsorption of urine escaped from UT or low GFR due to urinary obstruction

Question 10

management of ARF/AKI

Answer 10

allow repair - dialysis?
improve renal haemodynamics
tx cause
supportive care and monitoring
maintain homeostasis - increase urine output

Question 11

what are common signs of lepto

Answer 11

hepatic necrosis, thrombocytopaenia, vasculitis