Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SAM 2 > Urolithiasis > Flashcards

Urolithiasis Flashcards

1
Q

What urine type predisposes to urolith formation?

A

Supersaturated/concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the order of formation of a urolith?

A
  • Supersaturation
  • Precipitation of a nucleus
  • Crystal growth and aggregation
  • Calculus retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F: If the animal has crystals in its urine that means it has uroliths?

A

False- it means that the urine is supersaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: Crystals may form in stored urine.

A

True- always check urine soon after sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F: Radiographs are always diagnostic or urolithiasis.

A

False- Only CaOx and Struvite show up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is nutritional therapy always helpful for treating uroliths?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is voiding urohydropropultion?

A

Filling the bladder and aggressively emptying it manually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is required with voiding voiding urohydropropultion?

A

Small stone size- must be able to fit through the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of animal does voiding urohydropropultion work best on?

A

Female dogs- can take 5-15mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the objective of retrograde urohydropropulsion?

A

Push uroliths obstructing the urethra back into the bladder where they can be dealt with easier with sx or dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the different urolith types?

A
  • Struvite
  • Calcium oxalate
  • Cystine
  • Urate
  • Silicate
  • Mixed/compound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the composition of struvite crystals?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are struvite crystals usually found?

A

Mainly lower tract, occasionally upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are struvite crystals typically associated with in dogs?

A

Urinary tract infections with urease producing bacteria

May also be breed related- mini schnauzers, shitzu, mini poodle, cocker spaniels, lhasa apso

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are struvite crystals typically associated with in cats?

A

Diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do struvite uroliths look like?

A

Big, smooth, radiodense (less radiodense than CaOx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the therapy of choice for struvite uroliths/crystalluria?

A

Dietary

Lower pH and dilute urine

18
Q

What is a worry with dietary therapy in struvite cystals?

A

Predisposing to CaOx

19
Q

Which hills diet treats and which prevents struvite crystals?

A

Treatment- s/d

Prevention- c/d

20
Q

What animals are most prone of calcium oxalate crystals?

A

Male dogs

21
Q

What kinds of things can predispose to calcium oxalate crystals?

A

Acidifying diets
Obesity
Hypercalciuria
Breeds

22
Q

What do calcium oxalate crystals look like?

A

Small, very radiodense

Spiney and rarely cause obstruction

23
Q

What are the treatments for calcium oxalate crystals?

A

Therapy for hypercalcemia

Surgery, lithotripsy, cystoscopy

24
Q

How do you prevent calcium oxalate crystals?

A

High pater diet, potassium citrate, thazide diuretics, avoid vitamens C and D

25
Q

What is potassium citrate?

A

Binding agent for dietary calcium

26
Q

Why do most animals get ammonium urate and xanthine (purine) crystals?

A

Hepatic disease (PSS or cirrhosis) or genetic tubular defects

27
Q

What breeds are predisposed to urate crystals?

A

Dalmatians, and black russian terrier

28
Q

What predisposes certain breeds to urate crystals?

A

Decreased uptake of uric acid from hepatocytes to recycle properly to allantoin

29
Q

What urine pH favors urate and xanthine crystal formation?

A

Low pH

30
Q

T/F: Urate crystals can be diagnosed with radiography.

A

False- they are radiolucent

31
Q

What therapy should be followed for urate stones?

A

Dietary dissolution- low protein, increase pH ( potassium citrate and sodium bicarb)

32
Q

What breed are xanthine oxidase inhibitors used in?

A

Dalmatians- decreases uric acid production

Die effects- hyper sensitivity, toxic epidermal necrolysis

33
Q

What disease process is supportive of a diagnosis of urate stones?

A

Hepatic dysfunction

34
Q

What is the percentage of cystine calculi?

A

1-8%

35
Q

What breeds are predisposed to cystine calculi?

A

Australian cattle dogs, dachshunds, newfoundlands, bulldogs

36
Q

What is the pathopysiology of cystine calculi formation?

A

Defective tubular carrier proteins that are supposed to reabsorb cystine

37
Q

T/F: Cystine calculi are radioopaque.

A

True- but are very hard to see on radiographs so not clinically useful if suspected

38
Q

What drugs are used to treat cystine calculi?

A

Thiol drugs- big risks, must talk to owner first

39
Q

What can be done to the diet to help manage cystine calculi?

A

Alkalinize the urine and low protein diet

40
Q

What condition is usually implicated in calcium phosphate uroliths?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

41
Q

What diets will result in silica uroliths?

A

Using plant as primary protein sources (rice and soybean), cheap diets with improper protein

SAM 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions