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ANAT 400 - Embryology > Urogenital System Part B > Flashcards

Urogenital System Part B Flashcards

1
Q

label

A
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2
Q

What is genotypic sex?

A

Sex determined by genotype: 44 autosomes + XY or XX

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3
Q

What is gonadal sex

A

Genetic sex, as determined by the chromosome constitution, drives the primitive gonad to differentiate into a testis or an ovary.

  • transcription factor SRY (sex determining region of chromosome Y) activates the genetic program for testis development. In absence of SRY, ovaries form
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4
Q

__________ (sex determining region of chromosome Y) activates the genetic program for testis development. In its absence, ____ form

A

transcription factor SRY (sex determining region of chromosome Y) activates the genetic program for testis development. In absence of SRY, ovaries form

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5
Q

What is phenotypic sex?

A

Gonads produce hormones that direct development of the reproductive tracts and external genitalia

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6
Q

Up to the end of the _____ week, development is the same in males and females and is referred to as the ________ stage

A

Up to the end of the 6th week, development is the same in males and females and is referred to as the ambisexual/indifferent stage

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7
Q

Gonads form __________ (relative to) mesonephros, from _________ (tissue) that sits on a basolamina

A

Gonads form medial and parallel relative to mesonephros, from coelomic epithelium: lateral plate mesoderm (splanchnic) and somatic mesoderm (tissue) that sits on a basolamina

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8
Q

Growth of gonadal (genital) ridges:

  • Cells of the _______ adjacent to the _______ proliferate
  • The cells build-up to create ridges- gonadal or genital ridges
A

Growth of gonadal (genital) ridges:

  • Cells of the coelomic epithelium adjacent to the mesonephros proliferate
  • The cells build up to create ridges- gonadal or genital ridges
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9
Q

As the genital/gonadal ridges form, the ________ degenerates and two types of cells invade:

A

As the genital/gonadal ridges form, the basement membrane degenerates and two types of cells invade:

  • Mesenchymal from intermediate mesoderm (coelomic epithelium-derived cells)
  • PGC - Primordial germ cells
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10
Q

Germ cells get to the genital/gonadal ridge via the _______

A

Germ cells get to the genital/gonadal ridge via the dorsal mesentery

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11
Q

PGCs (primordial germ cells) originated very early from the ______ but then moved into the _____ to avoid _______

A

PGCs (primordial germ cells) originated very early from the epiblast but then moved into the yolk sac wall to avoid gastrulation

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12
Q

PGCs (primordial germ cells) migrate from yolk sac, through the ____ to ______ during week 4-6 (following ________cues) where they colonize _______

A

PGCs (primordial germ cells) migrate from yolk sac, through the GI tract/dorsal mesentery to dorsal body wall during week 4-6 (following attracting cues - active migration) where they colonize gonadal ridges

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13
Q

The interior of the gonadal ridge is invaded by ________ coming from the intermediate mesoderm around the ________, dividing the ________ cells into columns called the ________
• A new basement membrane will form and maintain a division between ________ and ________

A

The interior of the gonadal ridge is invaded by mesenchyme coming from the intermediate mesoderm around the mesonephros, dividing the somatic support cells into columns called the primary sex cords.
• A new basement membrane will form and maintain a division between somatic support cells and mesenchyme

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14
Q

Label

A
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15
Q

In both males and females, new ducts appear adjacent to mesonephric ducts, these are the _________

A

In both males and females, new ducts appear adjacent to mesonephric ducts, these are the Mullerian ducts/paramesonephric ducts

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16
Q

The Mullerian ducts follow the mesonephric ducts _____ toward the _______

However, the growing Mullerian ducts ______ before _______

A

The Mullerian ducts follow the mesonephric ducts caudally toward the urogenital sinus

However, the growing Mullerian ducts join together before fusing with the urogenital sinus

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17
Q

Mullerian duct starts as _______ of the _________

It then extends _______

What is significant about the cranial end of the mullerian duct?

A

Mullerian duct starts as an invagination of the coelomic epithelium (wraps around groove to form duct)

It then extends caudally alongside the mesonephric duct

What is significant about the cranial end of the mullerian duct? The cranial end is open to the intraembryonic coelom (= fallopian tube)

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18
Q

Expression of the SRY transcription factor in male support cells drives their differentiation into ______ largely through activation of ______

A

Expression of the SRY transcription factor in male support cells drives their differentiation into Sertoli cells largely through activation of SOX9

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19
Q

Cells from coelomic epithelium (gpc) in the genital ridge turn on ______ which drives differentiation of those cells to become Sertoli cells through activation of _______

A

Cells from coelomic epithelium (gpc) in the genital ridge turn on SRY which drives differentiation of those cells to become Sertoli cells through activation of SOX9

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20
Q

Developmental functions of Sertoli Cells:

  1. Expansion of _______ into ______
  2. Secrete _______
  3. Drive differentiation of ______
  • Control _____ (inhibit ____ and ____)
A

Developmental functions of Sertoli Cells:

  1. Expansion of primary sex cords into testis cords (earliest morphological sign of testis differentiation)
  2. Secrete Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
  3. Drive differentiation of Leydig cells
  • Control Germ cells (inhibit mitosis and meiosis)
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21
Q

_____ are enclosed within the testis cords

Sertoli cells inhibit ____ and ______ of germ cells

A

PGCs (progenitor Germ Cells) are enclosed within the testis cords

Sertoli cells inhibit mitosis and meiosis of germ cells

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22
Q

Testes cords mature into ______ but do not develop a _____ until puberty

A

Testes cords mature into seminiferous tubules but do not develop a lumen until puberty

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23
Q

What happens to PGCs 3 months postnatally?

Further mitosis, meiosis and spermatogenesis all occur starting at puberty in response to ______

A

3 months postnatally, PGCs differentiate into type of spermatogonia (ie sperm stem cells)

Further mitosis, meiosis and spermatogenesis all occur starting at puberty in response to testosterone

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24
Q

What is the function of AMH (Anti-mullerian hormone) and what secretes it?

A

Sertoli cells secrete AMH which causes degeneration of Mullerian ducts

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25
Q

Leydig cells secrete ________

Promotes:

A

Leydig cells secrete androgens (eg testosterone)

  • Promotes (phenotypic sex development)
    • differentiation of the mesonephric duct into the epididymis and vas deferens
    • Development of male urethra, prostate penis and scrotum
    • testicular descent (into the scrotum)
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26
Q

Leydig cells secrete androgens (eg testosterone) which promotes:

  • differentiation of the ________ into the ________ and ________
  • Development of ________, ________ and ________
  • ________ (into the ________)
A

Leydig cells secrete androgens (eg testosterone) which promotes:

  • differentiation of the mesonephric duct into the epididymis and vas deferens
  • Development of male urethra, prostate penis and scrotum
  • testicular descent (into the scrotum)
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27
Q

Sertoli cells make _____ and _______ (of the sperm pathway)

A

Sertoli cells make seminiferous tubules and rete testis (of the sperm pathway)

28
Q

Efferent ductules come from ________

A

Efferent ductules come from mesonephric tubules

29
Q

Contribution of mesonephros to male reproductive tract:

  • Mesonephric duct forms ______ and _______
  • Mesonephric tubules form the ______ connecting the ____ to the _____
A

Contribution of mesonephros to male reproductive tract:

  • Mesonephric duct forms epididymis and vas deferens
  • Mesonephric tubules form the efferent tubules connecting the testes to the epididymis
30
Q
  • At first, gonadal ridge is just a protrusion of ______ into the coelom
  • In order to separate gonad from body cavity, a _______ forms around it = the _______
A
  • At first, gonadal ridge is just a protrusion of coelomic epithelial cells into the coelom
  • In order to separate gonad from body cavity, a thick connective tissue layer forms around it = the tunica albuginea
31
Q

All of the male accessory glands form as _______

A

All of the male accessory glands form as outpouchings of other structures:

  • Mesonephric ducts → seminal vesicles/gland (mesodermal)
  • pelvic segment of urogenital sinus → prostate and bulbourethral glands (endodermal)
32
Q

All of the male accessory glands form as outpouchings of other structures:

  • Mesonephric ducts → _________
  • pelvic segment of urogenital sinus → _________
A

All of the male accessory glands form as outpouchings of other structures:

  • Mesonephric ducts → seminal vesicles/gland (mesodermal)
  • pelvic segment of urogenital sinus → prostate and bulbourethral glands (endodermal)
33
Q

All of the male accessory glands form as outpouchings of other structures:

  • _________ → seminal vesicles/gland (mesodermal)
  • __________ → prostate and bulbourethral glands (endodermal)
A

All of the male accessory glands form as outpouchings of other structures:

  • Mesonephric ducts → seminal vesicles/gland (mesodermal)
  • pelvic segment of urogenital sinus → prostate and bulbourethral glands (endodermal)
34
Q

Gonads are initially anchored by 2 ligaments:

  • ______ to diaphragm
  • _______ to perineum
A

Gonads are initially anchored by 2 ligaments:

  • cranial suspensory ligament to diaphragm
  • gubernaculum to perineum
35
Q

Which ligament degenerates to allow for testicular descent?

A

The cranial suspensory ligament → which connects the testes to the diaphragm

36
Q

Which ligament guides the testes through the inguinal canal?

A

Gubernaculum

37
Q

Testicular descent happens in two phases:

A
  1. Gubernaculum swells and anchors testis near the site of the future inguinal canal (weeks 10-15)
  2. Gubernaculum actively descends into the scrotum bringing the testis (weeks 25-35)
38
Q

During testicular descent, an evagination of body cavity (sac of peritoneum) descends into scrotal sac called the _________ - eventually must close

A

During testicular descent, an evagination of body cavity into scrotal sac forms called the processus vaginalis

39
Q

25-35: what happens to the processus vaginalis?

What sort of cavity (collapsed sac) remains?

A

25-35: what happens to the processus vaginalis? closes postnatally

What sort of cavity (collapsed sac) remains? Tunica vaginalis

40
Q

What happens if the cranial portion of the processus vaginalis is not fully obliterated?

A

May be left with cysts or an opening for an indirect inguinal hernia

41
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

How might it be treated?

Risks?

A

Failure of testes to descend into scrotum

Treated hormonally

Repaired surgically (orchiopexy) if don’t descend by 6 months

Risk factor for infertility and testicular cancer if not repaired

42
Q

How does the genital ridge differ in males and females?

The genital ridge starts the same, created by _______

  • difference in females: no _______
A

The genital ridge starts the same, created by proliferation of coelomic epithelium.

difference in females: no SRY = no sertoli cells

  • in the absence of sertoli cells, PGCs proliferate rapidly until differentiating into oogonia
43
Q

The genital ridge starts the same in females and males, created by the proliferation of coelomic epithelium.

the difference in females: no SRY = no sertoli cells

  • in the absence of sertoli cells: PGCs _______ until differentiating into ______
A

The genital ridge starts the same in females and males, created by the proliferation of coelomic epithelium.

the difference in females: no SRY = no sertoli cells

  • in the absence of sertoli cells: PGCs proliferate rapidly until differentiating into oogonia
44
Q

Ovarian development:

  • The _______ break down into clumps of oogonia (egg stem cells) surrounded by ________
  • Oogonia enter meiosis, but arrest in _______ (now ________)
A

Ovarian development:

  • The primary sex cords break down into clumps of oogonia (egg stem cells) surrounded by somatic support cells
  • Oogonia enter meiosis, but arrest in first metaphase (now primary oocytes)
45
Q
  • The ______ drive differentiation of the support cells into follicle cells that will become arranged into single cell layers surrounding individual primary oocytes giving rise to ________
A

The primary oocytes drive differentiation of the support cells into follicle cells (granulosa cells) that will become arranged into single-cell layers surrounding individual primary oocytes giving rise to primordial follicles

46
Q

Fate of the female Mullerian and Mesonephric (wolffian) ducts:

  • No testosterone (no leydig cells) = degradation of _______
  • No ____ = Mullerian ducts persist and develop into _____ and _______
A

Fate of the female Mullerian and Mesonephric (wolffian) ducts:

  • No testosterone (no leydig cells) = degradation of mesonephros (wolffian ducts)
  • No AMH (no sertoli cells) = Mullerian ducts persist and develop into _____ and _______
47
Q

Mullerian ducts fuse with _____

Origin of the vagina is unclear- may be formed by ____ or _____ or have contributions from both

A

Mullerian ducts fuse with urogenital sinus

Origin of the vagina is unclear- may be formed by mullerian ducts or urogenital sinus or have contributions from both

48
Q

The ______ divides pelvis between bladder and rectum

A

The broad ligament divides pelvis between bladder and rectum

49
Q

How is the broad ligament formed?

Due to formation, where are the ovaries in relation to the broad ligament?

A
  • As the mullerian ducts zipper together, they swing the urogenital ridges medially and away from the posterior body wall
    • pulls two folds of peritoneum together to create the broad ligament
    • ovaries end up posterior to the broad ligament
50
Q

________ fuse to form the uterus

A

paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterus

51
Q

What is the mystery anatomy?

A

Primitive phallus capped by genital tubercle → forms in both males and females

52
Q

Label:

A
53
Q

Genital tubercle (caps primitive phallus) forms the ______

A

Genital tubercle (caps primitive phallus) forms the glans penis/clitoris

54
Q

The phallic segment differs from the pelvic segment how (of the urogenital sinus)

A

The phallic segment isn’t a hollow tube like the pelvic segment

It forms a fin of endoderm (urethral plate) protruding into the primitive phallus

55
Q

The phallic segment isn’t a hollow tube like the pelvic segment (of urogenital sinus)

It forms a fin of _______ (called the _______) protruding into the ________

A

The phallic segment isn’t a hollow tube like the pelvic segment

It forms a fin of endoderm (urethral plate (M)/vestibular plate(F)) protruding into the primitive phallus

56
Q

What is the urethral/vestibular plate?

A

Urethral plate (males) or vestibular plate (females) is a solid ridge of endoderm that runs along the ventral midline of the primitive phallus as an extension of the urogenital sinus

57
Q

The urethral plate opens to form the ______ (males)

Same thing happens in females but its called the vestibular plate and it opens to form the _______

A

The urethral plate opens to form the urethral groove (males)

Same thing happens in females but its called the vestibular plate and it opens to form the vestibular groove

58
Q

What is different about the urethral and vestibular grooves?

A

The urethral groove opens and then closes

The vestibular groove remains open

59
Q

How does the urethral groove close and what does it become?

A

Urethral folds fuse around the groove

Now the penile urethral tube lined with endoderm

60
Q

What is hypospadias and how is it caused?

A

Hypospadias is a urethral opening on the ventral side of the penis caused when the urethral folds do not close properly

  • opening can be anywhere along the ventral surface but most common is at junction between shaft and glans
61
Q

The female vestibular folds remain unclosed:

Between the vestibular folds is the ______ into which both the urethra and vagina open

A

The female vestibular folds remain unclosed:

Between the vestibular folds is the vestibule of the vagina into which both the urethra and vagina open

62
Q

The female vestibular folds remain unclosed:

Between the vestibular folds is the vestibule of the vagina into which both the _____ and _____ open

A

The female vestibular folds remain unclosed:

Between the vestibular folds is the vestibule of the vagina into which both the urethra and vagina open

63
Q

Unfused vestibular folds = _____

A

Unfused vestibular folds = labia minora

64
Q

Unfused genital swellings =

A

unfused genital swellings = Labia majora

65
Q

Male and female external genitalia have analogous components: similar _____ and ______

Female structures are just less _____ and more ______

A

Male and female external genitalia have analogous components: similar erectile tissue and surrounding muscles

Female structures are just less prominent and more divided

ANAT 400 - Embryology (14 decks)

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