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ANAT 400 - Embryology > Tips for Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Tips for Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular development Timepoints to know:

  • Heart tube forms on ______
  • Heart starts beating _____
  • Heart starts to pump blood ______
A

Cardiovascular development Timepoints to know:

  • Heart tube forms on day 21
  • Heart starts beating day 22
  • Heart starts to pump blood day 24
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2
Q

Cardiovascular changes that happen at or near birth: (6)

A
  • Lungs fill with air and pulmonary vascular pressure decreases → increase BF to lungs
  • Blood flow from placenta ceases
  • Higher pressure in Left atrium and lower pressure in right atrium → Atrial shunt closes
  • Ductus arteriosus closes in response to increase in oxygen (oxygen inhibits prostaglandins)
    • leaves ligamentum arteriosium
  • Ductus venosus closes
    • loss of BF
    • ligamentum venosum
  • Umbilical vein closes (loss of BF)
    • ligamentum teres hepatis
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3
Q

Postnatal circulation:

  • Lungs fill with air and ________ → _______ to lungs
  • Blood flow from ______ ceases
  • Higher pressure in ______ and lower pressure in ______ → _______ closes
  • ______ closes in response to increase in oxygen (oxygen inhibits prostaglandins)
    • leaves ________
  • _______ closes
    • loss of BF
    • _________
  • ________ (loss of BF)
    • ________
A
  • Lungs fill with air and pulmonary vascular pressure decreases → increase BF to lungs
  • Blood flow from placenta ceases
  • Higher pressure in Left atrium and lower pressure in right atrium → Atrial shunt (foramen ovale) closes
  • Ductus arteriosus closes in response to increase in oxygen (oxygen inhibits prostaglandins)
    • leaves ligamentum arteriosium
  • Ductus venosus closes
    • loss of BF
    • ligamentum venosum
  • Umbilical vein closes (loss of BF)
    • ligamentum teres hepatis
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4
Q

Timeline of 5 stages of respiratory development:

A
  • Embryonic (3-6 weeks)
  • Pseudoglandular (6-16 weeks)
  • Canalicular (16-26 weeks)
  • Saccular (26-term)
  • Alveolar (postnatal)
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5
Q

When does midgut herniation occur?

A

Early 6th week to 10th week

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6
Q

Mesonephros starts to form in week ____ and functions from weeks ______

A

Mesonephros starts to form in week 4 and functions from weeks 6-10

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7
Q

Metanephros starts to function in week ____ but continues to make nephrons until week ____

A

Metanephros starts to function in week 10 but continues to make nephrons until week 32

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8
Q

Cloacal membrane breaks down in week ___

A

Cloacal membrane breaks down in week 7

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9
Q

Ambisexual/indifferent stage is until _____

A

Ambisexual/indifferent stage is until end of 6th week

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10
Q

Descent of the testes into the scrotal sac typically happens ________ (_____ weeks). The swelling reaction to keep the testes near the inguinal canal happens during________

A

Descent of the testes into the scrotal sac typically happens latter part of pregnancy (25-35 weeks). The swelling reaction to keep the testes near the inguinal canal happens during the first half of pregnancy

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11
Q

Initial venous return is symmetrical, consisting of three pairs:

A
  • Common cardinal veins returning deoxygenated blood from the body
  • Vitelline veins returning blood from the yolk sac
  • Umbilical veins return blood from placenta
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12
Q

The Common cardinal veins, vitelline veins and umbilical veins all connect to the ______

A

The Common cardinal veins, vitelline veins and umbilical veins all connect to the horn of the sinus venous

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13
Q

The common cardinal veins are short, why?

A

They are the joint portion where the superior (upper body) and inferior (lower body) cardinal veins meet

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14
Q

Over time, the common cardinal veins, vitelline veins, and umbilical veins become remodelled, why?

A

Partly because of the liver expanding and filling the upper abdomen and partly because the yolk sac will be lost. Probably other reasons as well.

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15
Q

Inferior veins:

  • Started with ___ inferior veins connected to the heart. Most of the veins will be ____, ____, or _____ resulting in only one inferior vein maintaining a connection to the heart: the -______
A

Inferior veins:

  • Started with 6 inferior veins (3 on each side) connected to the heart. Most of the veins will be lost, repurposed, or remodelled resulting in only one inferior vein maintaining a connection to the heart: the: right vitelline vein
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16
Q

The terminal portion of the right vitelline vein will form the _______

A

The terminal portion of the right vitelline vein will form the terminal inferior vena cava

  • doesn’t form the entire IVC (likely the inferior cardinal vein contribute to part of the IVC) but it is the one vessel that maintains that direct attachment to the heart
17
Q

What is the one vessel that maintains that direct attachment to the heart?

A

Terminal portion of the right vitelline vein (forms terminal IVC)

18
Q

What happens to the Inferior cardinal veins?

A
  • degenerate or portions remodelled into other vessels, so there will not be any veins of that name in the final arrangement
19
Q

What happens to the left vitelline vein?

A

Assume it degenerates

20
Q

What happens to the right umbilical vein?

A

Degenerates or repurposed but not maintained as umbilical vein

21
Q

What happens to the left umbilical vein?

Carries blood to _____ where it is shunted through the ______ and connects to _____

A

Maintained until birth, becomes sole source of blood from placenta

However, loses its connection to the heart. Now carries blood to the liver, where it is shunted through by the ductus venosus (portion of the left umbilical vein that was encircled by the liver) which connects to the IVC

22
Q

Which veins may contribute to the vasculature of the liver because they were engulfed by the liver

A

Portions of vitelline veins or right umbilical vein

23
Q

Label the image

A
24
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially ______ each feeding into a ______

A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

25
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an ________, a connecting vessel, just above the _________
A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
26
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The _________ then loses its connection to the heart
A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
27
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the _______
A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the superior vena cava
28
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the superior vena cava
  • Feeding into the SVC are ________
A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the superior vena cava
  • Feeding into the SVC are two brachiocephalic veins
29
Q

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the superior vena cava
  • Feeding into the SVC are two brachiocephalic veins
    • The left brachiocephalic arises from the _______
    • The right brachiocephalic is from the _______
A

The left and right superior cardinal veins are initially separate vessels each feeding into a common cardinal vein

  • They subsequently form an anastomosis, a connecting vessel, just above the common cardinal vein.
  • The left superior cardinal vein then loses its connection to the heart
  • With the inferior cardinal veins lost, the right common cardinal vein becomes the superior vena cava
  • Feeding into the SVC are two brachiocephalic veins
    • The left brachiocephalic arises from the anastomosis between the two superior cardinal veins
    • The right brachiocephalic is from the proximal R. Superior cardinal vein
30
Q

Label the vessel and its origin

A

ANAT 400 - Embryology (14 decks)

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