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ANAT 400 - Embryology > Head and Neck Development > Flashcards

Head and Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q

All vertebrates form ______, which are also called: branchial arches

A

All vertebrates form pharyngeal arches, which are also called: branchial (“of the gill”) arches

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2
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches appear? How do they develop?

A

Appear by 4th week

Develop sequentially from cranial to caudal

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3
Q

SLIDE 4

Where are the pharyngeal arches positioned?

A

On either side of the developing pharynx

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4
Q

______ in the head and neck form the peripheral nervous system and melanocytes, same as in the trunk

A

Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) in the head and neck form the peripheral nervous system and melanocytes, same as in the trunk

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5
Q

Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) in the head and neck form the _______ and _______, same as in the trunk

A

Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) in the head and neck form the peripheral nervous system and melanocytes, same as in the trunk

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6
Q

In addition to forming the peripheral nervous system and the melanocytes, what else can neural crest cells in the head and neck form?

A

Connective tissue, including cartilage and bone

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7
Q

______ are expanded regions of tissue on either side of the pharynx

A

SLIDE 8

pharyngeal arches are expanded regions of tissue on either side of the pharynx

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8
Q

The pharyngeal arches are filled with _______, mostly derived from ______

A

Slide 8

The pharyngeal arches are filled with mesenchymal cells, mostly derived from neural crest

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9
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Pockets of endoderm between the pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

Pharyngeal arches develop _____ over the 4th week

A

Pharyngeal arches develop craniocaudally over the 4th week

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11
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is never externally visible and will regress?

A

Arch 6

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12
Q

What are the two parts of pharyngeal arch 1?

A
  • Maxillary prominence
  • Mandibular prominence
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13
Q

The 6th arch starring role is _______, otherwise it is often lumped with arch ____

A

The 6th arch starring role is ductus arteriosus, otherwise it is often lumped with arch 4

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14
Q

What are the three elements of the Pharyngeal Apparatus?

A
  • Pharyngeal arches
    • mesenchymal swellings (mostly from neural crest)
  • Pharyngeal pouches
    • outpocketings in internal aspect of pharynx separating adjacent pharyngeal arches
    • Endodermal
  • Pharyngeal Clefts/Grooves
    • external aspect separating adjacent arches
      • Ectodermal
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15
Q
  • Pharyngeal arches
    • ________
  • Pharyngeal pouches
    • __________
    • _______
  • Pharyngeal Clefts/Grooves
    • ___________
A
  • Pharyngeal arches
    • mesenchymal swellings (mostly from neural crest)
  • Pharyngeal pouches
    • outpocketings in internal aspect of pharynx separating adjacent pharyngeal arches
    • Endodermal
  • Pharyngeal Clefts/Grooves
    • external aspect separating adjacent arches
      • Ectodermal
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16
Q

What is the red circle in the image?

A
  • Pharyngeal Membrane
    • where endoderm and ectoderm meet
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17
Q

Each pharyngeal arch contains: (5)

A
  • Mesenchyme
    • Forms bones of viscerocranium (dermal bones)
    • Mainly neural crest
  • Cartilage
    • Skeleton of arch
    • Mainly neural crest
  • Muscle
    • Form muscles of face and neck
    • paraxial mesoderm
  • Nerve
    • innervation to muscle and mucosa of arch
      • cranial nerve for each arch
  • Arch Artery
    • Blood supply of arch
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18
Q

Each pharyngeal arch contains:

  • Mesenchyme
    • Forms _________
    • Mainly _______
  • Cartilage
    • _______
    • Mainly ______
  • Muscle
    • Form ________
    • ________
  • Nerve
    • innervation to _________
      • _______ for each arch
  • Arch Artery
    • _______
A
  • Mesenchyme
    • Forms bones of viscerocranium (dermal bones)
    • Mainly neural crest
  • Cartilage
    • Skeleton of arch
    • Mainly neural crest
  • Muscle
    • Form muscles of face and neck
    • paraxial mesoderm
  • Nerve
    • innervation to muscle and mucosa of arch
      • cranial nerve for each arch
  • Arch Artery
    • Blood supply of arch
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19
Q

_______ populate the arches

1st arch receives ______ and ________

other arches receive _______

A

neural crest cells populate the arches_______ populate the arches

1st arch receives midbrain and hindbrain neural crest

Other arches receive hindbrain neural crest

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20
Q

________ develops around 1st arch cartilage (called _______) in the _________ via _________ ossification

A

Mandible develops around 1st arch cartilage (called meckels cartilage) in the mandibular prominence (forms lower jaw) via intramembranous ossification (dermal bone)

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21
Q

Anterior portion of meckels cartilage will _______

Posterior portion will form the _______ and the _______

A

Anterior portion of meckels cartilage will degenerate

Posterior portion will form the sphenomandibular ligament and the malleus (ear ossicle)

meckels cartilage is the cartilage of the 1st arch

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22
Q

Maxillary cartilage forms ______

A

Maxillary cartilage forms incus

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23
Q

Where do the stapes and superior body+lesser cornu of hyoid bone develop from?

A

Proximal portion of Reichert’s cartilage (2nd arch)

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24
Q

The hyoid bone is formed from:

A
  • 2nd Arch Cartilage (Reichert’s cartilage)
    • Superior body
    • Lesser cornu
  • 3rd Arch
    • Inferior body
    • Greater cornu
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25
Middle portion of Reischerts cartilage (arch 2) makes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Middle portion of Reischerts cartilage (arch 2) makes _Styloid process_
26
The 2nd arch cartilage (Reicherts cartilage) gives rise to two bones (\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_) and the ligament (\_\_\_\_\_\_) between them
The 2nd arch cartilage (Reicherts cartilage) gives rise to two bones (_styloid process_ and (part of) _hyoid bone_) and the ligament (_stylohyoid ligament_) between them
27
What is eagles syndrome?
Elongated styloid process; can happen congenitally or later; ossification of ligament
28
4th/6th arches form _________ cartilages (2)
4th/6th arches form _laryngeal_ cartilages * Thyroid cartilage * Cricoid cartilage
29
What are branchial vestiges?
* Branchial vestiges are cartilage or bony remnants from the arch cartilages that fail to disappear through regression and remodelling and therefore remain under the skin
30
Muscles formed by Arch 1:
* Muscles of mastication * Mylohyoid * Anterior belly of digastric * Tensor tympani * Tensor veli palatini
31
Muscles formed by Arch 2: (4)
* Muscles of facial expression * Posterior belly of digastric * Stylohyoid muscle * Stapedius
32
Muscles formed by 3rd arch: (1)
* Stylopharyngeus muscle
33
Muscles formed by 4th/6th arches: (3)
* Constrictors of pharynx * Cricothyroid * Intrinsic muscles of larynx
34
Label the mm formed by the 1st arch
35
Label the muscles formed from the 2nd arch
36
Label the muscles formed from the 2nd arch
37
Label the mm formed by the 3rd arch (1)
38
Label the mm formed by the 4th/6th arches (3)
\*\* intrinsic mm of larynx are deeper
39
Pharyngeal arch nerves: * Arch 1 * Arch 2 * Arch 3 * Arch4/6
Pharyngeal arch nerves: * Arch 1 * Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) * Maxillary and mandibular parts get their own nerve * V1 - opthalamic * V2 - Maxillary * V3 - Mandibular (only one with motor) * Arch 2 * Facial nerve VII * Arch 3 * Glossopharyngeal nerve * IX * Arch4/6 * Vagus nerve * X
40
Aortic arches connect ______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_
Aortic arches connect _aortic sac (attached to heart)_ to _dorsal aortae_
41
RECALL: AORTIC ARCH REMODELLING * third arch becomes * Fourth arch becomes * left * right * sixth aortic arch forms \_\_\_\_\_
RECALL: AORTIC ARCH REMODELLING * third arch becomes **common carotid arteries** * Fourth arch becomes * left: **arch of aorta** * right: **right subclavian artery** * sixth aortic arch forms **ductus arteriosus** (LEFT) ALL START IN PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
42
Pharyngeal Pouches: * there are ______ pouches separating the arches * These develop \_\_\_\_\_\_ * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-lined pockets
Pharyngeal Pouches: * there are _4, well-developed_ pouches separating the arches * These develop _cranio-caudally_ * _endoderm_-lined pockets
43
Pharyngeal pouches form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * 2nd pouch: * makes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * 3rd pouch: * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * 4th pouch * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Pharyngeal pouches form _solid structures_ * 2nd pouch: * makes _palatine tonsils_ * *endoderm proliferates and forms stroma of palatine tonsils at back of mouth* * 3rd pouch: * _inferior parathyroid glands and thymus_ * *endoderm proliferates → stroma of thymus → support for T4 cells (colonized by immune)* * 4th pouch * _superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body_ * ultimobranchial body becomes integrated into thyroid
44
The thyroid originates from _______ on the floor of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The thyroid originates from _endoderm_ on the floor of the _pharynx_ Develops in Tongue and relocates
45
As the thyroid gland descends, it leaves behind a _________ (temporary structure)
As the thyroid gland descends, it leaves behind a _thyroglossal duct_ (temporary structure)
46
* Thyroid gland migrates below \_\_\_\_\_\_ * _______ bodies migrate to thyroid and disaggregate, with cells becoming incorporated into thyroid and forming the ______ cells of the thyroid
* Thyroid gland migrates below _laryngeal cartilages (below thryoid cartilage)_ * _ultimobranchial_ bodies migrate to thyroid and disaggregate, with cells becoming incorporated into thyroid and forming the _C-cells_ cells of the thyroid
47
* C-cells in thyroid secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
C-cells in thyroid secrete _calcitonin_ (decreases blood Ca++)
48
Calcitonin vs Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin - secreted from C-cells in the thyroid - decreases blood Calcium PTH - from parathyroid - increases blood calcium
49
Thymus Gland: * ______ forms the stroma of the thymus * _______ form septa and capsule * in the 3rd month, ______ colonize the thymus
Thymus Gland: * _endoderm_ forms the stroma of the thymus * ie: the epithelial cells that support the development and selection of T-cells * _neural crest cells_ form septa and capsule * in the 3rd month, _immune cells_ colonize the thymus
50
Histogenesis of the Thyroid Gland * thyroid becomes divided into ______ which become arranged around a \_\_\_\_\_\_ * By 11 weeks, ______ appears in clusters, now called _____ and hormone can be made and secreted
Histogenesis of the Thyroid Gland * thyroid becomes divided into _clusters of cells_ which become arranged around a _lumen_ * By 11 weeks, _colloid_ (thyroglobulin) appears in clusters, now called _follicles_ and hormone can be made and secreted
51
Thyroid gland starts to function at 11 weeks. Before that, where does the fetus get thyroid hormone?
* Maternal thyroid hormones are delivered to fetus via **placenta** * Controlled levels are important for proper fetal development * Fetal hormon prod begins in week 11 and rapidly increases = fetus less reliant on mothers hormones * still there as backup until birth
52
What are 3 possible anomalies in thyroid development covered in class?
* Congenital hypothyroidism * agenesis of thyroid gland * non-functional thyroid * Ectopic thyroid gland * eg lingual thyroid * related to movement * Accessory thyroid tissue * pyramidal lobe * remnants of thyroglossal duct
53
What are thyroglossal duct cysts/sinuses and what are the potential risks
* Cysts or sinuses left anywhere along the course of the thyroglossal duct (anterior and midline, usually just below hyoid bone) * May become infected * Fistula (abnormal connection)
54
Pharyngeal clefts: * which pharyngeal cleft is the only one to form a mature structure or tissue?
The 1st pharyngeal cleft
55
The first cleft and pouch come together to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ______ with the ______ between them
The first cleft and pouch come together to form _external ear canal (external auditory meatus)_, _tympanic cavity_ with the _tympanic membrane_ (arrow) between them
56
The 1st pouch also forms the ________ connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx
The 1st pouch also forms the _eustachian/auditory tube_ connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx
57
Where does the otic placode (otic vesicle) come from?
From neurogenic placode (tissue beside neural crest)
58
The otic vesicle differentiates into the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
The otic vesicle differentiates into the _semicircular canals_ and _cochlea_
59
What forms the external auditory meatus?
1st cleft
60
What forms the middle ear cavity and eustachian tube
1st pounch
61
External ear (\_\_\_\_\_) develops from \_\_\_\_\_\_
External ear (_pinna, auricle_) develops from _arch 1 and 2_
62
3 auricular hillocks (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) form on the external surface of ______ around the first cleft and remodel into \_\_\_\_\_\_ Ear initially located in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3 auricular hillocks (_mesenchymal swellings_) form on the external surface of _each arch (1,2)_ around the first cleft and remodel into _pinna_ Ear initially located in _anterior neck region_
63
What process positions the ear on the side of the head near eye level (from anterior neck region)
Growth of the mandible
64
Remaining pharyngeal clefts: * The second arch overgrows the more ______ arches and clefts and fuses with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * A temporary space is created, the \_\_\_\_\_\_
Remaining pharyngeal clefts: * The second arch overgrows the more _caudal_ arches and clefts and fuses with the _epicardial ridge_ (*tissue overlying developing heart*) * A temporary space is created, the **_cervical sinus_**
65
What is the cervical sinus?
* temporary pocket in neck tissue * formed from fusion of the second arch with the epicardial ridge (image in question slide) * sometimes remains as a cyst on either side of neck (problem if infected) *
66
What happens if the cervical cyst persists?
* may become infected and or form an internal or external fistula
67
What is the sole functional role of the cleft?
External auditory meatus
68
Mandible and Maxilla form via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mandible and Maxilla form via _intramembranous ossification_
69
The muscles formed from Arch 1 are all innervated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The muscles formed from Arch 1 are all innervated by _trigeminal nerve_
70
ARCH 1 (MECKELS CARTILAGE) Label the in depth image of muscles formed from Arch 1 The two not seen are:
Tensor tympani Tensor veli palanti
71
SLIDE 4B Label the Trigeminal nerve branches
Label
72
Label the bones/cartilage of the head and neck
label
73
5B - ARCH 2 Label the Branches of the Facial Nerve (To Zanzibar By Motor Car)
label
74
Label the image -ARCH 3
label
75
Label the image for Arches 4/6 Innervation
label
76
What is Treacher Collins Syndrome?
* First arch disease * Autosomal dominant allele of treacle leads to reduced neural crest cell number * Hypoplasia of facial bones (especially mandible and zygomatic bones) * Cleft palate * airway obstruction because tongue retracted * Deformed external ears * Middle ear abnormalities * Defects with orbit/lower eyelids * No neural impediment
77
What is DiGeorge syndrome? (Catch 22)
* defective development of pharyngeal apparatus (especially 3rd and 4th pouches and arches) * Catch 22 * Cardiac defects (aortic arch) * Abnormal faces (fish mouth/short philtrum) * Thymic hypoplasia * Cleft palate (NC involved) * Hypocalcemia * Microdeletion of chromosome 22
78
11B - Development of face \_\_\_\_\_ → source of connective tissue, cartilage, bone & ligaments of face
_NCCs_ → source of connective tissue, cartilage, bone & ligaments of face
79
12B - Five Facial Primordia * What are the five facial primordia?
* Frontonasal prominence * Paired mandibular prominences * Paired maxillary prominences
80
13B - What is the first change of the facial primordia (happens in week 5)
* Appearance of nasal/olfactory placodes * form on the frontonasal prominence (FNP)
81
13B - Nasal placodes * Form on the \_\_\_\_\_ *
13B - Nasal placodes * Form on the _frontonasal prominence (FNP)_
82
13B * Mandibular prominences have a ______ between left and right * This will close to form \_\_\_\_\_\_ * The ______ separating the stomodeum and the pharynx finishes rupturing to form the \_\_\_\_\_
13B * Mandibular prominences have a _partial sulcus_ between left and right * This will close to form _continuous lower lip and jaw_ * The _oropharyngeal membrane_ separating the stomodeum (cavity) and the pharynx finishes rupturing to form the _oral cavity_
83
12B - Label the five facial primordia and the stomodeum
label
84
Slide 14B - _______ develop around placodes * Nasal placodes sink into tissue → \_\_\_\_\_ * Nasomedial and nasolateral processes are divided _____ and open to the \_\_\_\_\_
_nasal processes_ (medial and lateral) develop around placodes * Nasal placodes sink into tissue → _nasal pits_ * Nasomedial and nasolateral processes are divided _ventrally_ and open to the _oral cavity_ (continuous @ top and bottom)
85
15B - ________ expand and fuse in the midline to make the bridge of the nose
15B - _nasomedial processes_ expand and fuse in the midline to make the bridge of the nose
86
16B Tips of maxillary prominences grow toward ______ and fuse, creating the \_\_\_\_\_\_
16B Tips of maxillary prominences grow toward _nasomedial process_ and fuse, creating the _nosstrils_
87
16B Tips of maxillary prominences grow toward _nasomedial process_ and fuse, creating the _nostrils_ * Separates _______ from ______ and forms \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Fusion requires _______ and disintegration of \_\_\_\_\_\_
16B Tips of maxillary prominences grow toward _nasomedial process_ and fuse, creating the _nostrils_ * Separates _nasal pits_ from _oral cavity_ and forms _continuous upper lip_ * Fusion requires _NCC-mediated growth_ and disintegration of _epithelia between tissues_ (Complicated process)
88
16B Maxillary processes also fuse with ________ to connect side of nose and cheek
16B Maxillary processes also fuse with _nasolateral processes_ to connect side of nose and cheek
89
17B * _______ forms bridge of nose and philtrum * ________ form sides of the nose * ________ and ______ partially merge to form cheeks
* _nasomedial process_ forms bridge of nose and philtrum * _nasolateral process_ form sides of the nose * _maxillary_ and _mandibular_ partially merge to form cheeks
90
19B * Nasal pits enlarge to form _______ which fuse with oral cavity and pharynx
19B * Nasal pits enlarge to form _nasal sacs_ which fuse with oral cavity and pharynx
91
20B LABEL * what is the primitive choanae * Label the image
primitive choanae is an opening between nasal and oral cavity → make palate
92
22B * Formation of the palate (palatogenesis) occurs in the _______ week * Critical period → \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Formed in two stages: * development of \_\_\_\_\_ * Development of \_\_\_\_\_\_
22B * Formation of the palate (palatogenesis) occurs in the _6th - 12th_ week * Critical period → _end of 6th week to beginning of 9th week_ * Formed in two stages: * development of _primary palate_ (wedging behind nasomedial process) * Development of _secondary plate_
93
23B Label the image * Orange * Yellow * Blue * Pink * green
* Orange = frontonasal process * Yellow = primary palate * Blue = maxillary prominences * Pink = palatine shelves * green = nasal septum
94
24B \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fuse to the primary palate, to each other, and to the nasal septum
_palatal shelves_ fuse to the primary palate, to each other, and to the nasal septum
95
25B * Palatine shelves (\*) are initially oriented _______ on either side of the \_\_\_\_\_\_
25B * Palatine shelves (\*) are initially oriented inferomedially on either side of the tongue
96
26B By the 9th week, palatine shelves have \_\_\_\_\_\_, come into contact and are fusing together and with the \_\_\_\_\_
26B By the 9th week, palatine shelves have _rotated_, come into contact and are fusing together and with the _nasal septum_
97
26B * ________ production drives rotation of the palatine shelves * _______ associated with mandibular growth is also necessary
26B * _hyaluronic acid_ production drives rotation of the palatine shelves * *_tongue depression_* associated with mandibular growth is also necessary
98
27B Palate Formation after 12 weeks * The palate ossifies directly from \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Posterior portion remains unossified as \_\_\_\_\_\_
27B Palate Formation after 12 weeks * The palate ossifies directly from _mesenchyme_ * Posterior portion remains unossified as _soft palate_
99
28B Facial Clefts * how do they form * can be ______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * most common facial clefts are:
28B Facial Clefts * how do they form * if the five facial prominences do not fuse properly, there will be a facial cleft * can be _unilateral_ or _bilateral_ * most common facial clefts are: * Cleft palate * Cleft lip
100
29B Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate * Two major groups: * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Cleft lip with or without cleft of alveolar part of maxilla * incomplete fusion of **nasomedial process** with one or both maxillary prominences (ie *driven by improper fusion*) * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Cleft of 2° palate * Defective development or fusion of **palatine shelves**
29B Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate * Two major groups: * _Anterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft lip with or without cleft of alveolar part of maxilla * incomplete fusion of **nasomedial process** with one or both maxillary prominences (ie *driven by improper fusion*) * _Posterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft of 2° palate * Defective development or fusion of **palatine shelves**
101
29B Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate * Two major groups: * _Anterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft lip with or without cleft of ______ part of \_\_\_\_\_\_ * incomplete fusion of _______ with one or both maxillary prominences (ie *driven by improper fusion*) * _Posterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft of \_\_\_\_\_\_ * Defective development or fusion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
29B Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate * Two major groups: * _Anterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft lip with or without cleft of alveolar part of maxilla * incomplete fusion of **nasomedial process** with one or both maxillary prominences (ie *driven by improper fusion*) * _Posterior cleft anomalies_ * Cleft of 2° palate * Defective development or fusion of **palatine shelves**
102
30B Cleft lift * 60-80% of affected children are \_\_\_\_\_ * Unilateral → * Bilateral →
30B Cleft lift * 60-80% of affected children are _male_ * Unilateral → _failure of fusion between one maxillary prominence and the nasomedial process_ * Bilateral → failure of fusion of *both* maxillary prominences with the nasomedial process
103
31B Cleft Palate * results from failure of ______ to fuse with one another and/or with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * More common in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Can occur secondary to ______ and a failure to lower the \_\_\_\_\_\_
31B Cleft Palate * results from failure of _palatine shelves_ to fuse with one another and/or with the _primary palate_ * More common in _females_ * Can occur secondary to _mandibular dysplasias_ and a failure to lower the _tongue_
104
33B Floor of pharynx Label the image 2 - 4 -
2 - lateral lingual swellings (arch 1) 4 - hypopharyngeal eminence (arches 3+4)
105
33B The ______ from arch one, is a major contributor to the tongue making the anterior ⅔rds
33B The _lateral lingual swellings_ from arch one, is a major contributor to the tongue making the anterior ⅔rds
106
33B The ______ from arches 3+4 will form the posterior ⅓rd of the tongue and the epiglottis
33B The _hypopharyngeal eminence_ from arches 3+4 will form the posterior ⅓rd of the tongue and the epiglottis
107
34B Label the image
label
108
34B Remnant of where thyroid developed left in the tongue = \_\_\_\_\_\_
Remnant of where thyroid developed left in the tongue = _foramen cecum_
109
35B Tongue sensory innervation * Label the image
label
110
35B Endoderm of pharynx floor makes the ________ of the tongue
Endoderm of pharynx floor makes the _mucosa_ of the tongue
111
Which nerves innervate the tongue (sensory only) * CN __ & __ (taste) * anterior ⅔rs * CN ___ (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ n) * posterior * CN \_\_ * back - epiglottis
* CN V3 & VII (taste) * anterior ⅔rs * CN IX (glossopharyngeal n) * posterior * CN X - Vagus * back - epiglottis
112
36B Muscles of the tongue * muscles migrated from ______ (\_\_\_\_\_\_) * most muscles of the tongue are innervated by \_\_\_\_\_\_
* muscles migrated from _somites_ (_paraxial mesoderm_) * muscles of the tongue are innervated by _cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal)_
113
36B Muscles of the tongue * Neural crest contributes to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * Muscles originates from ______ of the \_\_\_\_\_
* Neural crest contributes to _connective tissue_ * Muscles originates from _myoblasts_ of the _first 4 somites_

ANAT 400 - Embryology (14 decks)

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