Urogenital System Part A Flashcards
1
Q
Label the urinary system
A
2
Q
Label the kidney
A
3
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is the ______
A
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron
4
Q
Label the nephron
A
5
Q
Why are the kidneys on the posterior abdominal wall?
A
Because the tissue the they came from: Intermediate mesoderm
6
Q
Label the diagram;
Which part of the diagram shows the tissue from which the kidneys originate
A
7
Q
Following folding, the intermediate mesoderm sits immediately posterior to the ________ on either side of the _______
A
Following folding, the intermediate mesoderm sits immediately posterior to the intraembryonic coleom on either side of the dorsal aorta
8
Q
Intermediate mesoderm: blobs of ______ between _____ and ______
A
Intermediate mesoderm: blobs of mesoderm between somites and lateral plate mesoderm
9
Q
Mystery diagnosis
A
Oligohydramnios
- Not enough amniotic fluid because kidneys didn’t form (or in some cases, could be because of a blockage)
10
Q
Function of urinary system:
Prenatally:
Postnatally:
A
- Prenatally:
- urinary system produces amniotic fluid
- Postnatally
- Urinary system functions to excrete wastes and maintain electrolyte balance
11
Q
What is oligohydramnios?
A
Lack of amniotic fluid → can impair growth and cause lung problems (potter sequence)
12
Q
What are the three types of kidney throughout evolution?
A
-
Pronephros
- often one nephron
- no integrated glomerulus
- filters fluid from body cavity
-
Mesonephros
- multiple nephrons
- filter blood directly (integration between blood and kidney)
-
Metanephros
- many nephrons
- filter blood directly and concentrate urine
13
Q
Pronephros vs Mesonephros
A
- In pronephros, blood is filtered into the body cavity (coelom)
- In mesonephros, the glomerulus is integrated into nephron and blood is filtered directly
14
Q
Which of the three types of kidneys are present during development?
A
- Mesonephros - temporary kidney
- Metanephros - definitive kidney
15
Q
Mesonephros:
- Mesonephroi start to form in week ____
- Each mesonephros consists of a _______, a series of ______ and ________
A
Mesonephros:
- Mesonephroi start to form in week four (4)
- Each mesonephros consists of a mesonephric duct, a series of mesonephric tubules and associated capillaries
16
Q
The mesonephric tubules form in a _______ sequence
A
The mesonephric tubules form in a cranial to caudal sequence
17
Q
Mesonephric duct extends _______ and fuses with the ______ in the ____ week
A
Mesonephric duct extends caudally and fuses with the urogenital sinus in the 5th week
18
Q
- At first, the cranial margin of the mesonephros is at the _______
- By 6 weeks, there is _______ and the cranial margin reaches the ______ vertebra
A
- At first, the cranial margin of the mesonephros is at the 10th somite, or what will be the C7/T1 vertebral level
- By 6 weeks, there is degeneration of early tubules and the cranial margin reaches the T5 vertebra only vertebra
19
Q
Mesonephroi function as temporary kidneys from weeks _____
A
Mesonephroi function as temporary kidneys from weeks 6-10
20
Q
Mesonephric tubules are induced by the ______ to form within the _______
A
Mesonephric tubules are induced by the mesonephric duct to form within the adjacent intermediate mesoderm (MET)
21
Q
Label
A
22
Q
Label
A
23
Q
35-38 days what is happening at the urogenital sinus?
A
Mesonephric ducts are fusing with urogenital sinus
Further division of the cloaca
24
Q
Mesonephric ducts fuses with ______ of ______
A
Mesonephric ducts fuses with posterolateral walls of urogenital sinus
25
Cloacal membrane breaks down in ____ week when contacted by \_\_\_\_\_
Cloacal membrane breaks down in _7th week_ week when contacted by _urorectal septum_
26
Label
27
The mesonephric duct induces ______ in the ______ to become ______ and form \_\_\_\_\_\_
The mesonephric duct induces _mesenchyme_ in the _adjacent intermediate mesoderm_ to become _epithelial_ and form _a vesicle_ (MET)
28
Label
The mesonephric duct induces mesenchyme in the adjacent __________ to become epithelial and form a \_\_\_\_\_\_
29
Steps of Mesonephric development:
1. The mesonephric duct induces _______ in the adjacent intermediate _______ to become _______ and form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
2. The _______ elongates to form a tubule and then fuses with the _______ (leads to developing bladder)
3. The _______ sends off a branch, which forms a tuft of capillaries adjacent to the mesonephric tubule
4. the _______ end of the mesonephric tubule curves around the _______ to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_; the lumen of the tubule becomes continuous with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1. The mesonephric duct induces mesenchyme in the adjacent intermediate mesoderm to become epithelial and form a vesicle.
2. The mesonephric vesicle elongates to form a tubule and then fuses with the mesonephric duct (leads to developing bladder)
3. The dorsal aorta sends off a branch, which forms a tuft of capillaries adjacent to the mesonephric tubule
4. the medial end of the mesonephric tubule curves around the glomerulus to form the bowmans capsule; the lumen of the tubule becomes continuous with the mesonephric duct
30
The _______ \_\_\_\_\_ elongates to form a tubule and then fuses with the _____ (leads to developing bladder)
The mesonephric vesicle elongates to form a tubule and then fuses with the mesonephric duct (leads to developing bladder)
31
The _______ sends off a branch, which forms a tuft of capillaries adjacent to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The dorsal aorta sends off a branch, which forms a tuft of capillaries adjacent to the mesonephric tubule
32
the medial end of the mesonephric tubule curves around the ______ to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_; the lumen of the tubule becomes continuous with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the medial end of the mesonephric tubule curves around the glomerulus to form the bowmans capsule; the lumen of the tubule becomes continuous with the mesonephric duct
33
The metanephros is entirely formed by _______ from _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
The metanephros is entirely formed by _intermediate mesoderm_ from _caudal (distal) mesonephric duct_ and _mesenchyme in intermediate mesoderm adjacent to ureteric bud_
34
label
35
The metanephros develops from which 2 sources?
* **Ureteric bud**:
* branches off *caudal mesonephric duct* (sacral region)
* Forms the collecting duct system of the kidney
* **Metanephric blastema**
* Develops from *mesenchyme* in *intermediate mesoderm* adjacent to the *ureteric bud*
* Forms the nephrons of the kidney
36
Label the image:
C is the ______ that develops into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
D is the _____ that develops to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Label the image:
C is the _Ureteric bud_ that develops into the _collecting duct system of the kidney_
D is the _metanephric blastema_ that develops to form the _nephrons of the kidney_
37
The expanded end of the ureteric bud is called the _______ and grows into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The expanded end of the ureteric bud is called the _ampulla_ and grows into the _metanephric blastema_
38
What might be the reason for the “mystery diagnosis” pictured?
* If either ureteric bud OR metanephric blastema fail to form = No kidney is made
39
Label the image:
The ureteric bud _____ by middle of 6th week in response to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Each ampulla acquires a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, creates lobulated appearance of early kidney
The ureteric bud _bifurcates_ by middle of 6th week in response to _signals from the_ *_metanephric blastema_*
Each ampulla acquires a _mesenchymal cap of blastemal cells_, creates lobulated appearance of early kidney
40
Branching of ureteric bud:
* Once the ureteric bud enters the metanephric blastema, it undergoes multiple rounds of branching to form the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* A few weeks later, _______ start to form alongside the still growing and branching ureteric bud
Branching of ureteric bud:
* Once the ureteric bud enters the metanephric blastema, it undergoes multiple rounds of branching to form the _proximal portions of the collecting duct system_
* A few weeks later, _nephrons_ start to form alongside the still growing and branching ureteric bud
41
Label the image
42
Label the image
43
Each ampulla acquires a ________ which are the nephron progenitors
Each ampulla acquires a _condensation of mesenchymal cells (blastemal cap)_ which are the nephron progenitors
44
Each ampulla acquires a condensation of mesenchymal cells (blastemal cap) which are the ________ progenitors
Each ampulla acquires a condensation of mesenchymal cells (blastemal cap) which are the nephron progenitors
45
Renal vesicle formation:
Some blastemal cap cells undergo ______ to assemble into renal vesicles in the armpits of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Renal vesicle formation:
Some blastemal cap cells undergo _Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET)_ to assemble into renal vesicles in the armpits of _T-shaped ureteric branch tips_
46
Some blastemal cap cells undergo Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) to assemble into ________ in the armpits of T-shaped ureteric branch tips
Renal vesicle formation:
Some blastemal cap cells undergo Mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) to assemble into _renal vesicle_s in the armpits of T-shaped ureteric branch tips
47
Nephron development:
* Renal vesicles start to form in the ___ week
* Renal vesicle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* As it grows, the developing ______ connects to the side of the ureteric branch
Nephron development:
* Renal vesicles start to form in the _8th week_
* Renal vesicle _elongates and bends (comma-shaped body to “s-shaped body” to_ *_mature nephron)_*
* As it grows, the developing _nephron_ connects to the side of the ureteric branch
48
* _______ occurs early
* Right from the start, parts of the ______ are specified to form different regions of mature nephron, and so they express different genes
* _regional specification_ occurs early
* Right from the start, parts of the _nephric vesicle_ are specified to form different regions of mature nephron, and so they express different genes
49
The _______ continues to grow and branch as the nephrons are forming
End up with arcades of nephrons attached to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The _ureteric bud_ continues to grow and branch as the nephrons are forming
End up with arcades of nephrons attached to the _collecting ducts_
50
The _______ continues to grow and branch as the nephrons are forming
End up with arcades of nephrons attached to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The _ureteric bud_ continues to grow and branch as the nephrons are forming
End up with arcades of nephrons attached to the _collecting ducts_
51
When does nephrogenesis finish?
Nephrogenesis is finished shortly before birth
52
Branching of the ureteric bud changes over time:
* The early branches expand/remodel to make the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Late branches form _______ which elongate and bundle into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Branching of the ureteric bud changes over time:
* The early branches expand/remodel to make the _renal pelvis and calyces_
* Late branches form _collecting ducts_ which elongate and bundle into the _renal pyramids_
53
What is the change seen in the image?
* position of metanephros relative to mesonephros
* Ureter now attaches directly to the bladder (no longer a branch of mesonephric duct)
54
Kidneys “ascend” due to:
Kidneys are initially close to ____ but move _____ during ascent
Ureters elongate and kidneys are displaced ______ until come to sit under _____ (in upper lumbar region) in 9th week
Kidneys “ascend” due to: differential body growth (not active migration)
Kidneys are initially close to _midline_ but move _further apart_ during ascent
Ureters elongate and kidneys are displaced _cranially_ until come to sit under _adrenal glands_ (in upper lumbar region) in 9th week
55
Renal artery remodeling:
* The renal artery is initially a branch off the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* As kidney ascends, blood supply changes to branches off the ______ at increasingly ______ locations
Renal artery remodeling:
* The renal artery is initially a branch off the _common iliac artery_
* As kidney ascends, blood supply changes to branches off the _descending aorta_ at increasingly _cranial_ locations
56
What happens if arteries to the ascending kidney fail to regress?
Accessory renal arteries
may obstruct the ureter in some cases
57
Increase in kidney size after birth results mainly from growth of the _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Increase in kidney size after birth results mainly from growth of the _proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)s_ and _interstitial tissue_
58
The bladder forms from the expanded part of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
The bladder forms from the expanded part of the _urogenital sinus_
59
A: _______ which develops into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
B: \_\_\_\_\_\_: develops into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
C: \_\_\_\_\_\_: contributes to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A: _Bladder segment_ which develops into the _bladder_
B: _Pelvic segment_: develops into the _pelvic urethra_
C: _phallic segment_: contributes to the _penile urethra (males) and vestibule of vagina (females)_
60
* Mesonephroi produce urine from weeks \_\_\_\_\_\_
* _______ breaks down in 7th week
* Initially urine can leave through _____ but will soon be excreted into the \_\_\_\_\_\_
* Allantois then solidifies into a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Mesonephroi produce urine from weeks _6-10_
* _Cloacal membrane_ breaks down in 7th week
* Initially urine can leave through _allantois (leads to umbilical cord)_ but will soon be excreted into the _amniotic cavity_
* Allantois then solidifies into a _ligament (urachus/median umbilical ligament)_
61
What is a urachal fistula?
fistula = abnormal connection
Urachal fistula occurs when the allantois is maintained (fails to solidify into ligament)
Urine leaks out
62
Urachal abnormalities:
* If epithelial tube of allantois fails to completely degenerate into a _______ may be left with a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Cysts are only significant if \_\_\_\_\_
* typically show up as a _______ near \_\_\_\_\_
* Urachal fistulas are unusual and typically appear only when \_\_\_\_\_\_
Urachal abnormalities:
* If epithelial tube of allantois fails to completely degenerate into a _fibrous cord_ may be left with a _urachal cyst or fistula_
* Cysts are only significant if _become infected_
* typically show up as a _sore mass_ near _umbilicus_
* Urachal fistulas are unusual and typically appear only when _urethra is blocked_
63
* Initially, ureter forms as a branch off \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* By this stage the ureters are separate from _______ and both are connected to the _________ of the \_\_\_\_
* Initially, ureter forms as a branch off _mesonephric duct_
* By this stage the ureters are separate from mesonephric ducts and both are connected to the posterior wall of the bladder
64
* Ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts must separate so \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Largely driven by ______ of \_\_\_\_\_\_
* _______ move inferiorly
* Ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts must separate so _ureters connect directly to the bladder (_**_ureterovesical junction_**_)_
* Largely driven by _apoptosis_ of _common nephric duct_
* _Mesonephric ducts_ move inferiorly
65
What is the fate of the mesonephric duct?
* Males:
* Vas deferens
* Females
* Degenerates
66
Ureters connect at ______ on posterior wall of bladder
Ureters connect at _apices of trigone of bladder_ on posterior wall of bladder
67
