Urogenital System

Question 1

Kidneys

Answer 1

• filter blood and urine, located high in the abdomens lumbar region at the level of the thoracolumbar junction, behind the peritoneum and against the crura of the diaphragm
• right kidney: more cranial kidney by a half kidney length, embedded in the renal impression of the livers caudal lobe (except in the pig)
• left kidney: more caudal kidney, except in the pig where both kidneys are at the same level

Question 2

Kidney: Cortex

Answer 2

-the outer layer of the kidney, characterized by its light colour and granular appearance

Question 3

Kidney: Medulla

Answer 3

-the inner layer of the kidney characterized by its striated appearance, contains collecting ducts and nephric loops

Question 4

Kidney: Renal Pelvis

Answer 4

-the expanded proximal end of the ureters in kidneys with a renal crest (carnivores, small ruminants, pig and horses)

Question 5

Kidney: Renal Hilus

Answer 5

-the opening into the renal sinus where the ureter and renal vessels enter the kidney

Question 6

Ureter

Answer 6

• the paired fibromuscular tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, located retroperitoneally along the dorsal abdominal wall each ureter runs caudally to the brim of the pelvis
• pass through the bladders wall at an acute angle, preventing back flow and allowing urine to empty into a full bladder by peristaltic action

Question 7

Bladder

Answer 7

• greatly distensible pouch receiving and storing urine from the kidneys for release out the urethra
• empty bladder lies within the pelvic cavity but with expansion extends into the abdominal cavity

Question 8

Bladder: Ligaments

Answer 8

• three connecting peritoneal folds reflected from the urinary bladder onto the abdominal and pelvic walls
• medial ligament: reflects from the bladders ventral surface to the pelvic floor and abdominal wall
• 2 lateral ligaments: connect the sides of the bladder to the lateral pelvic wall

Question 9

Horns of the Uterus

Answer 9

The two musculomembraneous extensions of the uterine body which are continuous cranially with the uterine tubes

Question 10

Uterine Body: Broad Ligament

Answer 10

• the fold of the connecting peritoneum, connecting the visceral peritoneum of the female reproductive tract to the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall
• subdivided into portions supporting individual parts of the reproductive tract: mesovarium, mesosalpinx, and mesometrium

Question 11

Cervix

Answer 11

The constricted caudal part of the uterus joining the uterus to the vagina, usually located in the pelvic cavity

Question 12

Vagina

Answer 12

• copulatory organ and birth canal, between the cervix and the vulva
• external urethral orifice is the opening at the vaginovestibular junction

Question 13

Male Reproduction: Epididymis

Answer 13

• the structure adjacent to the testicle formed by the epididymal duct, tail portion contains the ductus (vas) deferens
• spermatozoa mature in the head and body of the epididymus and are then transferred to the deferent duct as fertile sperm

Question 14

Male Reproduction: Ductus (Vas) Deferens

Answer 14

• the continuation of the epididymal duct at the tail of the epididymis
• travels beside the body of the epididymus, up the spermatic cord and through the inguinal canal to reach the abdomen
• in the abdomen it arches caudally to the pelvic cavity passing through the prostrate gland to open into the pelvic urethra

Question 15

Male Reproduction: Spermatic Cord

Answer 15

-the structure extending from the testicle through the inguinal canal, consisting of the ductus deferens, the testicular vessels and nerves and the lymphatic and their serous coverings

Question 16

Prostrate Gland

Answer 16

• adds prostatic secretions to the ejaculate to provide an optimum environment for sperm survival and motility
• may consist of a visible body present around the neck of the bladder, a disseminate part consisting of lobules in the wall of the pelvic urethra or both

Question 17

Glans Penis

Answer 17

-distal free part of the penis

Question 18

Os Penis (canine)

Answer 18

• the bone found in the penises of carnivores

- in the dog only the ventral surface is grooved for the urethra

Question 19

Bovine Reproduction: Sigmoid Flexure

Answer 19

-the double curve found in the penis of the ruminant and the boar, the straightening of the sigmoid flexure causes the lengthening of the penis during erection

Question 20

Canine Reproduction: Bulb of Glans

Answer 20

• the part of the glans surrounding the proximal os penis

- the bulb has the possibility for great expansion and is responsible for the “tie” during copulation

Question 21

Canine Reproduction: Retractor Muscle

Answer 21

-the paired smooth muscles originating from the first few caudal vertebrae, they travel laterally around the rectum and then continue side by side over the urethral surface of the penis to attach distally

Question 22

Canine Reproduction: Inguinal Ring

Answer 22

• either of the two openings in the fasciae of the abdominal muscles on each side of the body that are the inlet and outlet of the inguinal canal
• give passage to the spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament in the female