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AHT 1110- Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Maxillary Bone/Maxilla

A

Upper jaw bone

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2
Q

Mandible

A

Upper jaw bone

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3
Q

Occipital Bone

A

Bone of the skull, on the caudal aspect of both the cranial cavity and the skull as a whole

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4
Q

Zygomatic Bone

A

Bone of the skull, malar bone, cheek bone, the cranial aspect of the zygomatic arch

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5
Q

Nasal Bone

A

Forms the osseous roof of the nasal cavity

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6
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Forehead (frons), rostral part of the roof of the cranial cavity (in the ox and pig it forms the entire roof)

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7
Q

Temporal Bone

A

Caudolateral wall of the cranial cavity

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8
Q

Incisive Bone

A

Rostral bone holding the upper incisors

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9
Q

Atlas

A
  • Cervical Vertebrae, C1, named for its support of the skull, articulates with occipital condyles of the skull
  • “yes joint”
  • atypical, lacks a body and spinous process
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10
Q

Axis

A
  • Cervical Vertebrae, C2, large ridge like spinous process
  • “dens” a peg like cranial process which allows for pivotal motion
  • “no joint”
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11
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • total of 7 vertebrae, connected by intervertebral discs that attach to the body of the vertebrae as well as facet (moveable) joints
  • characterized by transverse foramen
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12
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • 13 in carnivores, sheep and cattle
  • 18 in horses
  • feature a long spinous process and extra facet joints for rib attachments
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13
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • 7 in carnivores
  • 6 in horses and cattle
  • 6-7 in sheep and pigs
  • characterized by a large transverse process, articular facets are the location where the vertebrae touches the vertebrae above to allow for flexion, extension and side bending but limits rotation
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14
Q

Vertebral Foramen

A

Where the spinal cord in located

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15
Q

Sacrum

A
  • formed by fused vertebrae
  • carnivores have 3, horses and cattle have 5, sheep and pigs have 4
  • sits between the ilium, lumbar vertebrae and the caudal vertebrae. The wing of the sacrum articulates with the ilium forming the sacro-iliac joint
  • median sacral crest is what remains of the fused sacral spinous processes
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16
Q

Caudal (Coccygeal) Vertebrae

A

-20 vertebrae that make up the tail

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17
Q

Ribs

A
  • 13 pairs in carnivores
  • first 9 articulate with the sternum and are called sternal or true ribs
  • last 4 are called asternal or false ribs
  • 13th pair ends freely in the musculature and are called floating ribs
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18
Q

Intercostal Space

A

The space in between ribs

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19
Q

Head of the Rib

A

Articulates with the thoracic vertebrae

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20
Q

Tubercle of the Rib

A

Articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra

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21
Q

Sternum

A
  • Unpaired sternebrae bones forming the floor of the thorax, providing articulation with the costal cartilage
  • carnivores have 8, ruminants and cattle have 7, pigs and horses have 6
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22
Q

Manubrium

A

First sternebrae, most cranial part of the sternum

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23
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Last sternebrae, most caudal part of the sternum, a thin horizontal bone capped by xipoid cartilage

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24
Q

Thoracic Inlet

A

Formed by the last cervical vertebra, first pair of ribs and sternum

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25
Q

Thoracic Outlet

A

Sealed by the diaphragm

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26
Q

Scapula

A
  • Has no bony connection to the rib cage, is held in place only by muscles
  • Glenoid cavity is where the humerus articulates
  • The two scapulae make up the thoracic girdle
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27
Q

Spine of the Scapula

A

Long projection dividing the scapulas lateral service

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28
Q

Acromion

A

The expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula

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29
Q

Supraspinous Fossa

A

The area cranial to the spine of the scapula, provides attachment for the supraspinatus muscle

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30
Q

Infraspinous Fossa

A

The area caudal to the spine of the scapula, provides attachment for the infraspinatus muscle

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31
Q

Subscapular Fossa

A
  • The medial surface of the scapula, providing attachment for the sub scapular muscle
  • the dorsal part of this surface is serrated for the attachment of the serratus ventralis muscle
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32
Q

Gleniod Cavity

A

Shallow cavity on the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

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33
Q

Spinal Tuber

A

Bony enlargement of the scapular spine found in the horse and the pig

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34
Q

Humerus

A
  • largest bone of the thoracic limb, trochlea articulates with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
  • greater tubercle is the attachment site for the tendons of the supra and infraspinatus muscles,upper part is called the “point of the shoulder”
  • lesser tubercle is the attachment site for the deep pectoral muscle
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35
Q

Head of the Humerus

A

Rounded process that articulates with the glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint

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36
Q

Intertubercular Groove

A

The indent between the greater and lesser tubercles through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs

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37
Q

Greater Tubercle

A

The large process craniolateral to the head of the humerus

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38
Q

Lesser Tubercle

A

The process on the medial side of the head of the humerus

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39
Q

Deltoid Tuberosity

A

Large tuberosity on the lateral side of the humerus

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40
Q

Humeral Epicondyle

A

The entire distal extremity of the humerus

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41
Q

Lateral Epicondyle

A

Lateral side of the humeral condyle giving rise to the extensors of the forearm

42
Q

Medial Epicondyle

A

Medial most point of the humeral condyle, provides attachment to the flexor muscles

43
Q

Olecranon Fossa

A

Indent at the caudal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the ulna fits into when the elbow is extended

44
Q

Radial Fossa

A

Indent opposite the olecranon fossa that the proximal end of the radius fits into when the elbow is flexed

45
Q

Radius

A
  • The main weight bearing bone of the forearm

- radial tuberosity provides the site of attachment for brachialis and biceps brachii muscles

46
Q

Ulna

A
  • Long thin bone serving mainly for muscle attachment and formation of the elbow joint
  • olecranon process is an attachment site for the triceps muscles
47
Q

Olecranon

A

The proximal part of the ulna providing a lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow

48
Q

Trochlear Notch

A

Articular area where the ulna contacts the humerus and forms the elbow joint

49
Q

Anconeal Process

A

The proximal end of the trochlear notch

50
Q

Styloid Process

A

Pointed distal end of the ulna

51
Q

Carpal Bones (proximal row)

A
  • radial carpal, largest carpal bone
  • intermediate carpal, lies between radial and ulnar carpal bones
  • ulnar carpal, the lateral bone in the proximal row
  • accessory carpal, projects behind carpus articulating with the ulnar carpal bone
52
Q

Carpal Bones (Distal Row)

A
  • Consists of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th carpal bones (C1, C2, C3, C4) in the generalized pattern
  • The first carpal bone is not always present
53
Q

Metacarpal Bones

A
  • Generally five bones numbered medial to lateral, species differ due to fusion or absence of bones, the base articulates with the carpal bones and the head of the phalanges
  • Two sesamoid bones are associated with each weight bearing metacarpal
54
Q

Carnivore Metacarpals

A

Metacarpal 1 is reduced, bears no weight and has only one associated sesamoid bone

55
Q

Ruminant Metacarpals

A
  • Only have two, metacarpals 3 & 4 are fused (form the cannon bone)
  • metacarpal 5 is greatly reduced
  • metacarpal 1 & 2 are missing
56
Q

Pig Metacarpals

A
  • Has 4 metacarpal bones
  • metacarpals 3 & 4 bear animals full weight
  • metacarpals 2 & 5 are greatly reduced
  • metacarpal 1 is missing
57
Q

Horse Metacarpals

A
  • 3 metacarpal bones
  • metacarpal 3 is large and bears the weight (known as cannon bone)
  • metacarpals 2 & 4 are greatly reduced and form the “splint bones”
  • metacarpals 1 & 5 are missing
58
Q

Digits

A
  • Divided into proximal, middle and distal phalanges

- In dogs and cats there are 14 bones, each digit has 3 bones (except for the first digit which only has two)

59
Q

Proximal Phalanx

A
  • The first phalanx, proximal to the carpus

- In horses it is known as the “long pastern”

60
Q

Middle Phalanx

A
  • The second phalanx, smaller than the first and not present in the first digit
  • In horses known as the “short pastern”
61
Q

Distal Phalanx

A
  • Third phalanx, carries the horny claw
  • The flexor process on the palmar side provides insertion for the deep digital flexor tendon
  • In horses, known as the “coffin bone”
62
Q

Palmar Sesamoid Bones

A

Nine small bones at the joint, 2 for each of the four main digits and one for the first digit

63
Q

Femur

A
  • largest bone in the body, head articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum forming the hip joint
  • the neck of the femur provides attachment for the joint capsule
64
Q

Pelvis/Pelvic Girdle/Os Coxae

A
  • consists of the joining of two hip bones, sacrum and the first few caudal vertebrae
  • made up of the ilium, the ischium and the pubis which are fused at the acetabulum where the femur articulates
65
Q

Head of the Femur

A
  • smooth process which articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae forming the hip joint
  • has a depression (fovea) for the round ligament of the femur
66
Q

Greater Trochanter of the Femur

A
  • provides attachment for the middle and deep gluteus muscles
  • the large prominence lateral to the head
67
Q

Lesser Trochanter of the Femur

A
  • provides attachment for the iliopsas muscle

- the prominence distal to the head

68
Q

Medial & Lateral Condyles of the Femur

A
  • The two large prominences articulating with the tibia and meniscus
  • forms the stifle or knee joint
69
Q

Patella

A
  • largest sesamoid bone of the body, articulating with the patellar surface of the femur
  • apex is on the inferior aspect whereas the base is above
70
Q

Species Difference: Trochlear Tubercle of the Femur

A

The large prominence on the medial ridge of the patellar surface in the horse

71
Q

Tibia

A
  • medially located long bone (shin bone)
  • upper end articulates with the femur at the stifle joint
  • at the distal end the medial malleolus is a prominence on the lateral part of the bone
72
Q

Lateral & Medial Condyles of the Tibia

A

-the processes articulating with the corresponding femoral condyles

73
Q

Tibial Tuberosity

A

The large proximal cranial process where muscles and the patellar ligaments attach

74
Q

Cochlea (distal articular surface)

A

-two grooves, separated by a ridge, articulating with the trochlea of the tibial tarsal bone

75
Q

Fibula

A
  • long thin bone bearing little weight, serving mainly for muscle attachments, more lateral bone of the two
  • head articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia
76
Q

Lateral Malleolus

A

The distal end of the fibula

77
Q

Tarsus

A
  • also known as the hock

- generalized pattern: distal row consists of central, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal bones

78
Q

Talus (Tibial Tarsal Bone)

A
  • the largest bone of the tarsus, located on the dorsomedial side
  • articulates by its trochlea with the tibia (tibia and fibula in the dog)
79
Q

Calcaneous (Fibular Tarsal Bone)

A
  • second bone in the proximal row, lateral to the talus

- upper portion is called the calcaneal tuber

80
Q

Calcaneous Tuberosity

A
  • the large process on the fibular tarsal bone serving as a lever arm for the common calcanean tendon
  • attachment site for the gastrocnemius muscle, portions of the biceps femoris and part of the superficial digital flexor tendon
  • referred to as the “point of the hock”
81
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

-the bony arch forming the lateral wall of the orbit it consists of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone

82
Q

Infraorbital Foramen

A

The rostral opening of the infraorbital canal, located in the maxillary bone

83
Q

Occipital Condyles

A

The paired structures lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra

84
Q

Mandibular Fossa

A

The area on the zygomatic arch for articulation with the articular process (condyle) of the mandible

85
Q

Mental Foramen

A

The rostral opening of the mandibular canal

86
Q

Mandibular Foramen

A

The opening on the medial side of the ramus leading into the mandibular canal

87
Q

Maxillary Foramen

A

-caudal opening of infraorbital canal, leads to the nasal cavity

88
Q

Transverse Foramen

A

The hole through the transverse process of C1-C6 forming the transverse canal

89
Q

Transverse Process

A

Divided into ventral and dorsal tubercles

90
Q

Head of the Rib

A

Articulates with caudal and cranial costal fovea of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc

91
Q

Acromion

A

The expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula

92
Q

Humeral Condyle

A

The entire distal extremity of the humerus including the two articular areas, and two Fossae and the lateral and medial condyles

93
Q

Anconeal Process

A

The proximal end of the trochlear notch which fits in the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is extended

94
Q

Wing of the ilium

A

The lateral masses of the ilium that articulate with the sacrum

95
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

The large opening on the floor of the os coxae

96
Q

Pelvic Symphysis

A

The junction of the right and left os coxae between the two pubic and two ischial bones

97
Q

Patellar Surface (Femoral Trochlea)

A

Groove on the femur which articulates with the patella, bounded by two ridges, the medial ridge being thicker in all species

98
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

Relatively immovable articulation between the wings of the sacrum and the ilium, this is a combined cartilaginous and synovial joint

99
Q

Fetlock Joint

A

Term used to describe the “wrist/ankle”(metacarpal/metatarsal)joint in a horse

100
Q

Coffin Joint

A

The popular name for the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse and ruminants

AHT 1110- Anatomy (7 decks)

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