Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Maxillary Bone/Maxilla
A
Upper jaw bone
2
Q
Mandible
A
Upper jaw bone
3
Q
Occipital Bone
A
Bone of the skull, on the caudal aspect of both the cranial cavity and the skull as a whole
4
Q
Zygomatic Bone
A
Bone of the skull, malar bone, cheek bone, the cranial aspect of the zygomatic arch
5
Q
Nasal Bone
A
Forms the osseous roof of the nasal cavity
6
Q
Frontal Bone
A
Forehead (frons), rostral part of the roof of the cranial cavity (in the ox and pig it forms the entire roof)
7
Q
Temporal Bone
A
Caudolateral wall of the cranial cavity
8
Q
Incisive Bone
A
Rostral bone holding the upper incisors
9
Q
Atlas
A
- Cervical Vertebrae, C1, named for its support of the skull, articulates with occipital condyles of the skull
- “yes joint”
- atypical, lacks a body and spinous process
10
Q
Axis
A
- Cervical Vertebrae, C2, large ridge like spinous process
- “dens” a peg like cranial process which allows for pivotal motion
- “no joint”
11
Q
Cervical Vertebrae
A
- total of 7 vertebrae, connected by intervertebral discs that attach to the body of the vertebrae as well as facet (moveable) joints
- characterized by transverse foramen
12
Q
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
- 13 in carnivores, sheep and cattle
- 18 in horses
- feature a long spinous process and extra facet joints for rib attachments
13
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
- 7 in carnivores
- 6 in horses and cattle
- 6-7 in sheep and pigs
- characterized by a large transverse process, articular facets are the location where the vertebrae touches the vertebrae above to allow for flexion, extension and side bending but limits rotation
14
Q
Vertebral Foramen
A
Where the spinal cord in located
15
Q
Sacrum
A
- formed by fused vertebrae
- carnivores have 3, horses and cattle have 5, sheep and pigs have 4
- sits between the ilium, lumbar vertebrae and the caudal vertebrae. The wing of the sacrum articulates with the ilium forming the sacro-iliac joint
- median sacral crest is what remains of the fused sacral spinous processes
16
Q
Caudal (Coccygeal) Vertebrae
A
-20 vertebrae that make up the tail
17
Q
Ribs
A
- 13 pairs in carnivores
- first 9 articulate with the sternum and are called sternal or true ribs
- last 4 are called asternal or false ribs
- 13th pair ends freely in the musculature and are called floating ribs
18
Q
Intercostal Space
A
The space in between ribs
19
Q
Head of the Rib
A
Articulates with the thoracic vertebrae
20
Q
Tubercle of the Rib
A
Articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra
21
Q
Sternum
A
- Unpaired sternebrae bones forming the floor of the thorax, providing articulation with the costal cartilage
- carnivores have 8, ruminants and cattle have 7, pigs and horses have 6
22
Q
Manubrium
A
First sternebrae, most cranial part of the sternum
23
Q
Xiphoid Process
A
Last sternebrae, most caudal part of the sternum, a thin horizontal bone capped by xipoid cartilage
24
Q
Thoracic Inlet
A
Formed by the last cervical vertebra, first pair of ribs and sternum
25
Thoracic Outlet
Sealed by the diaphragm
26
Scapula
- Has no bony connection to the rib cage, is held in place only by muscles
- Glenoid cavity is where the humerus articulates
- The two scapulae make up the thoracic girdle
27
Spine of the Scapula
Long projection dividing the scapulas lateral service
28
Acromion
The expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula
29
Supraspinous Fossa
The area cranial to the spine of the scapula, provides attachment for the supraspinatus muscle
30
Infraspinous Fossa
The area caudal to the spine of the scapula, provides attachment for the infraspinatus muscle
31
Subscapular Fossa
- The medial surface of the scapula, providing attachment for the sub scapular muscle
- the dorsal part of this surface is serrated for the attachment of the serratus ventralis muscle
32
Gleniod Cavity
Shallow cavity on the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
33
Spinal Tuber
Bony enlargement of the scapular spine found in the horse and the pig
34
Humerus
- largest bone of the thoracic limb, trochlea articulates with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
- greater tubercle is the attachment site for the tendons of the supra and infraspinatus muscles,upper part is called the “point of the shoulder”
- lesser tubercle is the attachment site for the deep pectoral muscle
35
Head of the Humerus
Rounded process that articulates with the glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint
36
Intertubercular Groove
The indent between the greater and lesser tubercles through which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle runs
37
Greater Tubercle
The large process craniolateral to the head of the humerus
38
Lesser Tubercle
The process on the medial side of the head of the humerus
39
Deltoid Tuberosity
Large tuberosity on the lateral side of the humerus
40
Humeral Epicondyle
The entire distal extremity of the humerus
41
Lateral Epicondyle
Lateral side of the humeral condyle giving rise to the extensors of the forearm
42
Medial Epicondyle
Medial most point of the humeral condyle, provides attachment to the flexor muscles
43
Olecranon Fossa
Indent at the caudal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the ulna fits into when the elbow is extended
44
Radial Fossa
Indent opposite the olecranon fossa that the proximal end of the radius fits into when the elbow is flexed
45
Radius
- The main weight bearing bone of the forearm
| - radial tuberosity provides the site of attachment for brachialis and biceps brachii muscles
46
Ulna
- Long thin bone serving mainly for muscle attachment and formation of the elbow joint
- olecranon process is an attachment site for the triceps muscles
47
Olecranon
The proximal part of the ulna providing a lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow
48
Trochlear Notch
Articular area where the ulna contacts the humerus and forms the elbow joint
49
Anconeal Process
The proximal end of the trochlear notch
50
Styloid Process
Pointed distal end of the ulna
51
Carpal Bones (proximal row)
- radial carpal, largest carpal bone
- intermediate carpal, lies between radial and ulnar carpal bones
- ulnar carpal, the lateral bone in the proximal row
- accessory carpal, projects behind carpus articulating with the ulnar carpal bone
52
Carpal Bones (Distal Row)
- Consists of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th carpal bones (C1, C2, C3, C4) in the generalized pattern
- The first carpal bone is not always present
53
Metacarpal Bones
- Generally five bones numbered medial to lateral, species differ due to fusion or absence of bones, the base articulates with the carpal bones and the head of the phalanges
- Two sesamoid bones are associated with each weight bearing metacarpal
54
Carnivore Metacarpals
Metacarpal 1 is reduced, bears no weight and has only one associated sesamoid bone
55
Ruminant Metacarpals
- Only have two, metacarpals 3 & 4 are fused (form the cannon bone)
- metacarpal 5 is greatly reduced
- metacarpal 1 & 2 are missing
56
Pig Metacarpals
- Has 4 metacarpal bones
- metacarpals 3 & 4 bear animals full weight
- metacarpals 2 & 5 are greatly reduced
- metacarpal 1 is missing
57
Horse Metacarpals
- 3 metacarpal bones
- metacarpal 3 is large and bears the weight (known as cannon bone)
- metacarpals 2 & 4 are greatly reduced and form the “splint bones”
- metacarpals 1 & 5 are missing
58
Digits
- Divided into proximal, middle and distal phalanges
| - In dogs and cats there are 14 bones, each digit has 3 bones (except for the first digit which only has two)
59
Proximal Phalanx
- The first phalanx, proximal to the carpus
| - In horses it is known as the “long pastern”
60
Middle Phalanx
- The second phalanx, smaller than the first and not present in the first digit
- In horses known as the “short pastern”
61
Distal Phalanx
- Third phalanx, carries the horny claw
- The flexor process on the palmar side provides insertion for the deep digital flexor tendon
- In horses, known as the “coffin bone”
62
Palmar Sesamoid Bones
Nine small bones at the joint, 2 for each of the four main digits and one for the first digit
63
Femur
- largest bone in the body, head articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum forming the hip joint
- the neck of the femur provides attachment for the joint capsule
64
Pelvis/Pelvic Girdle/Os Coxae
- consists of the joining of two hip bones, sacrum and the first few caudal vertebrae
- made up of the ilium, the ischium and the pubis which are fused at the acetabulum where the femur articulates
65
Head of the Femur
- smooth process which articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae forming the hip joint
- has a depression (fovea) for the round ligament of the femur
66
Greater Trochanter of the Femur
- provides attachment for the middle and deep gluteus muscles
- the large prominence lateral to the head
67
Lesser Trochanter of the Femur
- provides attachment for the iliopsas muscle
| - the prominence distal to the head
68
Medial & Lateral Condyles of the Femur
- The two large prominences articulating with the tibia and meniscus
- forms the stifle or knee joint
69
Patella
- largest sesamoid bone of the body, articulating with the patellar surface of the femur
- apex is on the inferior aspect whereas the base is above
70
Species Difference: Trochlear Tubercle of the Femur
The large prominence on the medial ridge of the patellar surface in the horse
71
Tibia
- medially located long bone (shin bone)
- upper end articulates with the femur at the stifle joint
- at the distal end the medial malleolus is a prominence on the lateral part of the bone
72
Lateral & Medial Condyles of the Tibia
-the processes articulating with the corresponding femoral condyles
73
Tibial Tuberosity
The large proximal cranial process where muscles and the patellar ligaments attach
74
Cochlea (distal articular surface)
-two grooves, separated by a ridge, articulating with the trochlea of the tibial tarsal bone
75
Fibula
- long thin bone bearing little weight, serving mainly for muscle attachments, more lateral bone of the two
- head articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia
76
Lateral Malleolus
The distal end of the fibula
77
Tarsus
- also known as the hock
| - generalized pattern: distal row consists of central, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th tarsal bones
78
Talus (Tibial Tarsal Bone)
- the largest bone of the tarsus, located on the dorsomedial side
- articulates by its trochlea with the tibia (tibia and fibula in the dog)
79
Calcaneous (Fibular Tarsal Bone)
- second bone in the proximal row, lateral to the talus
| - upper portion is called the calcaneal tuber
80
Calcaneous Tuberosity
- the large process on the fibular tarsal bone serving as a lever arm for the common calcanean tendon
- attachment site for the gastrocnemius muscle, portions of the biceps femoris and part of the superficial digital flexor tendon
- referred to as the “point of the hock”
81
Zygomatic Arch
-the bony arch forming the lateral wall of the orbit it consists of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone
82
Infraorbital Foramen
The rostral opening of the infraorbital canal, located in the maxillary bone
83
Occipital Condyles
The paired structures lateral to the foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra
84
Mandibular Fossa
The area on the zygomatic arch for articulation with the articular process (condyle) of the mandible
85
Mental Foramen
The rostral opening of the mandibular canal
86
Mandibular Foramen
The opening on the medial side of the ramus leading into the mandibular canal
87
Maxillary Foramen
-caudal opening of infraorbital canal, leads to the nasal cavity
88
Transverse Foramen
The hole through the transverse process of C1-C6 forming the transverse canal
89
Transverse Process
Divided into ventral and dorsal tubercles
90
Head of the Rib
Articulates with caudal and cranial costal fovea of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and the intervening intervertebral disc
91
Acromion
The expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula
92
Humeral Condyle
The entire distal extremity of the humerus including the two articular areas, and two Fossae and the lateral and medial condyles
93
Anconeal Process
The proximal end of the trochlear notch which fits in the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is extended
94
Wing of the ilium
The lateral masses of the ilium that articulate with the sacrum
95
Obturator Foramen
The large opening on the floor of the os coxae
96
Pelvic Symphysis
The junction of the right and left os coxae between the two pubic and two ischial bones
97
Patellar Surface (Femoral Trochlea)
Groove on the femur which articulates with the patella, bounded by two ridges, the medial ridge being thicker in all species
98
Sacroiliac Joint
Relatively immovable articulation between the wings of the sacrum and the ilium, this is a combined cartilaginous and synovial joint
99
Fetlock Joint
Term used to describe the “wrist/ankle”(metacarpal/metatarsal)joint in a horse
100
Coffin Joint
The popular name for the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse and ruminants
