UROGENITAL SYSTEM Flashcards by Miyaki Jan Lim

Balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes from our body

Driving force for movement of solutes and water is a concentration gradient of one or more solutes across the plasma membrane

Osmoregulation

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Process by which the water enters and leaves the cells

Osmosis

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Solute concentration of a solution
Determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmolarity

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if 2 solutions are isoosmotic

Water will cross the membrane at equal rate in both directions

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Isosmotic

Balanced solutes in 2 solutions

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what happend when 2 solutions differ in osmolarity

2 solutions differ in osmolarityNet flow of water is from hypoosmotic (less concentrated) to the hyperosmotic (more concentrated) solution

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Organisms that can balance their bodies with the environment
Some of marine animals
Do not regulate their osmolarity

Osmoconformers

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examples of Osmoconformers

Echinoderms
Mussels

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Expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

Osmoregulators

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examples of Osmoregulators

salmons when they migrate between river and ocean
seals & sea lions

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They balance water loss by drinking large amount of seawater and eliminating the ingested salts through their gills and kidneys
Most are osmoconformers while some are
osmoregulators

Marine Animals

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Marine fishes are ___ in sea water

Hypoosmotic in sea water

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solution with a lesser concentration of solute

Hypoosmotic

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More concentrated solutions

Hyperosmotic

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Constantly take in water by osmosis from their hypoosmotic environment
They maintain water balance by drinking almost no water and excreting large amount of dilute urine

Fresh water animals

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Adaptation where some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

Anhydrobiosis

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animals that use Anhydrobiosis

Tardigrades or water bears

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Land Animals
Body coverings of most terrestrial animals help prevent dehydration
Land animals maintain water balance by
Eating moist food
producing water metabolically through cellular respiration
Water is byproduct of cellular respiration

Are adaptations that _____ water loss

adaptation to reduce water loss

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Energetics of Osmoregulation

The amount of energy differs based on
○ Difference in animal’s osmolarity is from its surroundings
○ How easily water and solutes move across the animal’s surface
○ The work required to pump solutes across the membrane

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responsible for moving solutes in specific directions
arranged into complex tubular network

Epithelial cells

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what do Nasal glands of marine birds do

remove excess sodium chloride from the blood

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Nitrogenous Wastes of Animals

Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid

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Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ____ need access to lots of water
They release ____ across the whole body surface

Ammonia

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Excreted by most terrestrial mammals and many marine species
Produced in the liver in vertebrates
Circulatory system carries _______to the kidneys

Urea

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Found in insects, reptiles, and birds Non-toxic but does not dissolve in water Can be secreted as a paste with little water loss More energetically expensive to produce than urea

uric acid

ex of uric acid excretion

bird poop

Toxicity ranking Nitrogenous Wastes of Animals

Ammonia > Urea > Uric Acid

Energy expenditure in conversion ranking

Ammonia < Urea < Uric Acid

In blood chem exams Checks how much urea is in the blood that is being produced by the liver

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

High ____ is usually connected to liver problems

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

regulate solute movement between internal fluids and theexternal environment

Excretory systems

Excretory Process Key functions

filtration reabsorption secretion excretion

Filtering of body fluids

Filtration

Reclaiming valuable solutes

Reabsorption

Adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate From blood capillary that diffused into the collecting duct to excrete out the body

Secretion

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body

Excretion

Types of Excretory Systems

Protonephridia Metanephridia Malpighian Tubule

Network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings Smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb These tubules excrete a dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation

PROTONEPHRIDIA

- responsible for excretion of body wastes in PROTONEPHRIDIA

Flame bulb

Consists of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion Function in excretion and osmoregulation In body cavities of invertebrates animals

METANEPHRIDIA

METANEPHRIDIA example

earthworm

Remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph Function in osmoregulation Insects produce a relatively dry waste matter, mainly uric acid

MALPIGHIAN TUBULES

Insects don’t have blood, instead they have ______ scattered throughout the body since they don’t have vessels Carry nitrogenous wastes

Hemolymphs

Function in both excretion and osmoregulation Numerous tubules are highly organized Located retroperitoneally Bean shaped for humans Heart shaped for horses Lobulated for cattles

KIDNEYS

also includes ducts and other structures that carry urine from the tubules out of the kidney and out of the body

Vertebrate excretory system

Left kidney is higher than the righ

TRUE

Functional unit of kidneys Organized stepwise processing blood filtrate

Nephron

Nephron parts

Glomerulus or glomeruli Proximal Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting Duct

Filtration center Made up of blood vessels Tuft of capillaries Filtrate in Bowman’s capsul

Glomerulus or glomeruli

contains Salts Glucose Amino acids Vitamins Nitrogenous wastes Other small molecules

Filtrate in Bowman’s capsule

Simple cuboidal epithelium Reabsorption of ions, water, and nutrients As the filtrate passes through the ________, materials to be excreted become concentrated

Proximal tubule

Reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by aquaporin proteins Movement is driven by the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid that is Hyperosmotic to the filtrate The filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated

Descending Limb of Loop of Henle

Absorb salt Filtrate becomes increasingly dilute

Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle

Regulates the K+ and NaCl are regulated here Controlled movements of hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate ion (HCO3+) contributes to pH regulation

Distal tubule

Controls the reabsorption of sodium in the body Regulated by renin enzyme, that is released when you have low sodium or low blood pressure

Aldosterone

Carries filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis Reabsorption of solutes and water

Collecting Duct

Urine is ____to body fluids

hyperosmotic

Bird adaptations

shorter loops of Henle than mammals Conserve water by excreting uric acid instead of urea Lobule of kidney of birds

Mammalian adaptations

Juxtamedullary nephron - Key of water conservation in terrestrial animals Long loop of Henle - dry environmen mammals Short loop of Henle - fresh water mammals

percent that have no loop of Henle at all (Avian “Reptilian” type)

■ 75%

Reptalian adaptations

Glomeruli are found in the renal cortex Have only cortical nephrons Reabsorb water from wastes in the cloaca Uric acid - nitrogenous waste

Freshwater Fishes adaptations

Conserve salt by excreting very diluted urine

Marine bony fishes adaptations

Kidneys have small glomeruli Filtration rates are low, very little urine is excreted

Amphibians adaptations

Reabsorb water from urinary bladder when they are in land

Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney

A combination of nervous and hormonal controls manages the osmoregulatory functions of the mammalian kidneys Contributes to homeostasis for blood pressure and blood volume

Hormone in our kidney vasopressin released to the bloodstreams when fluids are low in the body binds to receptor cells that temporarily increases the number of aquaporin proteins in collecting duct cell that help in more water reabsorption\ Reduces urine volume and lowers blood osmolarity

Antidiuretic Hormone

Mutation in ADH causes severe dehydration and results in what disease

diabetes insipidus