Respiratory System Flashcards
Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes carbon dioxide
Gas Exchange
Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Apply to gases dissolved in liquids such as water
Partial Pressure
Outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange
Gills
Moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface
Ventilation
Animals can use air or water as the oxygen source
Respiratory Media
In a given volume, there is less oxygen available in water
than in air
Obtaining oxygen from requires greater efficiency
than air breathing
Water
Aquatic animals move through water or move water over
their gills for
Ventilation
Use countercurrent exchange system
Fish gills
Blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills
Blood is always less saturated with oxygen than the water it meets
countercurrent exchange systems
o Network of branching tubes throughout the body
o Tracheal tubes supply oxygen directly to the body cells
o Respiratory and circulatory systems are separate
Tracheal system
Respiratory system for insects
Tracheal system
Infolding of the body surface
The circulatory system transports gases between the _____ and the rest of the body
Size and complexity of the _______ correlate with an animal’s metabolic rate
Lungs
A system of branching ducts conveys air to the lungs
Mammalian Respiratory System
o Air sacs at the tips of the bronchioles
o Site of gas exchange
Oxygen diffuses through the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries
Alveoli
Secretion that coats the surface of the alveoli
Surfactants
Process that ventilates the lungs
Alternate inhalation and exhalation of air
Breathing
Ventilates its lungs by positive pressure
Forces air down the trachea
Amphibian Breathing
Passage of air through the entire system of lungs and air sacs requires two cycles of inhalation and exhalation
Avian Breathing
Birds have _____ that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs
8 - 9 Air sacs
Ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing
Pulls air into the lungs
Lung volume increases as the rib muscles and diaphragm contract
Rib cage expands
Mammal Breathing
o Volume of air inhaled with each breath
Tidal volume
Maximum tidal volume
Vital Capacity
o Air in the lungs after exhalation
Residual Volume
Breathing is usually regulated by
involuntary mechanisms
Breathing control center
Regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the CSF
Medulla oblongata
Blood arriving in the lungs has a low partial pressure of oxygen and a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide relative to air in the alveoli
In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the air
Blood Circulation and Gas Exchange
inside the erythrocytes
o Hemoglobin
carry four molecules of oxygen, one molecule for each iron- containing heme group
A single hemoglobin molecule can
o With evolutionary adaptations that allow them to perform extraordinary feats
Diving mammals
Can remain under water for 20 minutes to an hour
Weddell seals
Can dive 1,500 meters under water
Remain for up to 2 hours
Have high blood to body volume ratio
Elephant seals
o They stockpile oxygen and deplete it slowly
o Can store oxygen in muscles in myoglobin proteins
Diving mammals
Diving mammals Conserve oxygen by
Changing their buoyancy to glide passively
Decreasing blood supply to muscles
Deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted
