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ZOOLONE 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical signals released into the blood and transported throughout the body
Need target cells in order to initiate a physical response

A

Hormones

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2
Q

2 criteria on how the signals are transmitted between animal cells

A

Type of secreting cell
Route taken by the signal in reaching the target

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3
Q

Hormones are secreted into the ECF by endocrine cells and reach their targets via the blood stream
Maintains homeostasis, mediates responses to stimuli, regulates growth and development

A

Endocrine Signaling

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4
Q

Molecule acts over short distances
Reach target cell by diffusion

A

Local regulator

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5
Q

Target cells lie near the signaling

A

Paracrine signaling

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6
Q

Target cell itself is the secreting cell

A

Autocrine signaling

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7
Q

Plays important role in blood pressure regulation, nervous system function, and reproduction

Local regulator
Function in blood clotting, immune system, and reproduction

A

Prostaglandin

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8
Q

Neurons form specialized junctions with the target cells

A

Synapses

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9
Q

signaling where Neurons form specialized junctions with the target cells

A

Synaptic signaling

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10
Q

Secreted by the neurons at the synapses
Diffuse short distances and bind to receptors on target cells

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Specialized neurosecretory cells secrete neurohormones that travel to the target cells
via the bloodstream

A

Neuroendocrine Signaling

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12
Q

signaling with Chemicals released by animals in their environment

A

Signaling by Pheromones

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13
Q

Chemicals released by animals in their environment
Serve as :
Mark trails leading to food
Defining territories
Warning of predators
Attracting potential mates

A

Pheromones

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14
Q

Modified fatty acids
Others are polypeptides, some are gases

A

Local Regulators

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15
Q

Gas that functions as both local regulator and neurotransmitter

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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16
Q

Decrease oxygen in blood → ________ activates an enzyme that results in vasodilation → increase blood flow to tissue

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

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17
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

polypeptides, amines, steroids

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18
Q

water soluble homrones

A

olypeptides and amines

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19
Q

fat soluble homrones

A

steroids

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20
Q
  • Secreted by exocytosis
  • Travel freely in the bloodstream
  • Bind to cell-surface receptors
    -Bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells
A

Water-soluble hormones

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21
Q

example of water soluble hormones
- Has multiple effects in mediating body’s response to short-term stress
- Binds to receptors on plasma membrane of liver cells
- Triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

A

Epinephrine

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21
Q

(Water-Soluble hormones Pathway) Binding of hormones to its receptor initiates a ________________ leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression

A

signal transduction pathway

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22
Q
  • Diffuse across cell membranes
  • Travel in bloodstream bound to transport proteins
  • Diffuse through the membrane of target cells
  • Bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells
A

Lipid-soluble hormones

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23
Q

Response is usually a change in gene expression

A

Lipid-Soluble Hormones Pathway

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24
Q

Binds to its cytosolic receptor → hormone-receptor complex is formed and moves into the nucleus → receptor part will act as a transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

A

Steroid hormone

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25
Q

Same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have

A
  • Different receptor for the hormone
  • Different signal transduction pathway
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26
Q

multiple effects of _____
- Can increase blood flow to major skeletal muscles
- Can decrease blood flow to the GI tract

A

Epinephrine

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27
Q

Endocrine Tissues and Organs

A

Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands

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28
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Testes
Ovaries

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29
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Salivary gland

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30
Q

Release of acidic contents from the stomach to the
duodenum
Stimulates endocrine cells to secrete secretin
Causes target cells in the pancreas to increase pH level in duodenum

A

Secretin

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30
Q

Simple Hormone Pathway

A

Released from an endocrine cell
Travel through the bloodstream
Interact with specific receptors within a target cell to cause a physiological response

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31
Q

Stimulus is received by a sensory neuron, which
stimulates a neurosecretory cell

A

Simple Neuroendocrine Pathway

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32
Q

secretes neurohormone, which enters the
bloodstream and travels to target cells

A

Neurosecretory cell

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33
Q

example of Neuroendocrine Pathway

A

Suckling of an infant

34
Q
  • Stimulates signals in the nervous system that reach the hypothalamus
  • Nerve impulses in hypothalamus triggers the release of oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland
  • Release of oxytocin
A

Suckling of an infant

35
Q

causes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands

A

oxytocin

36
Q

Feedback Regulation

A

Negative feedback
Positive feedback

37
Q
  • Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus
  • Prevents excessive pathway activity
A

Negative feedback

38
Q

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater
response

A

Positive feedback

39
Q

Produced by neurosecretory cells in the larval brain in invertibrates
Controls the molting of the larva

A

Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)

40
Q

Directs the release of ecdysteroid

A

Prothoracic gland

41
Q

Triggers successive molt as well as metamorphosis

A

ecdysteroid

42
Q

not triggered until the level of juvenile hormone (JH) drops

A

Metamorphosis

43
Q

Receives information from the nervous system
Initiate responses through the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

44
Q

Attached to the hypothalamus
Made up of anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
stores the hormones

A

Pituitary gland

45
Q

Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus synthesize 2 hormones
Both hormones are fast acting
Produce response within seconds of their release

A

Posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

2 hormones of Posterior pituitary gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

47
Q

Regulates milk secretion by the mammary gland

A

Oxytocin

48
Q

Regulates physiology and behavior

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

49
Q

vasopressin
Acts on collecting ducts of kidneys
Increase water absorption
Increases blood pressure by constricting smooth muscles of arterioles
Acts centrally to increase thirst

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

50
Q

Hormone production is controlled by releasing
and inhibiting hormones secreted by the
hypothalamus
Consists of anterior lobe and intermediate lobe (absent in humans)

A

Anterior pituitary gland

51
Q

responsible for the milk let down in mamary glands

A

prolactin releasing hormone

52
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

fsh
lh
tsh
acth
prolactin
msh
gh

53
Q

Stimulates production of thyroid gland hormone

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

54
Q

Promotes egg/sperm production

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

55
Q

Induces ovulation and corpus luteum and sex steroid production

A

Luteinizing hormone

56
Q

Increases production and secretion of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

57
Q

somatotropin
-Controls cell mitosis, synthesis of mRNA, and metabolism
-Acts indirectly with the help of insulin-like growth factor(IGF)

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

58
Q

Excess GH
Lack GH

A

= gigantism
= dwarfism

59
Q

Intermediate lobe hormones

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

60
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

Promotes dispersion of pigment in cells in body fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
Birds and mammals Role is unclear

61
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones in a hormone cascade pathway

A

Tropic hormone

62
Q

Set of hormones coming from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and a target endocrine gland

A

Hormone cascade pathway

63
Q

Contains concentrates of iodine Produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Secretes calcitonin
Contain thousands of tiny sphere-like follicles that produce and store hormones
Promote normal growth and development of
nervous system and stimulate metabolic rate

A

Thyroid Gland

63
Q

T4
T3
charactertistics

A

T4-greater amounts is produced
T3-more physiologically active

64
Q

Regulate blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

65
Q

Occurs in 2 pairs in humans
Birds and mammals
Removal of glands will cause blood calcium level to drop
Continuous decrease may lead to excitability, muscle spasms, tetany, and death

A

parathyroid gland

66
Q

Secretes melatonin Related to biological rhythms
The release is controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus
(SCN) found in the hypothalamus

A

pinneal gland

66
Q

essential to calcium homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

67
Q

Increases activity of osteoclasts
Results in increase of blood calcium levels
Decreases rate of the kidneys’ calcium exertion Increases production of another hormone, 1,25- dihydrovitamin D

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

68
Q

Most of the hormones are made from cholesterol

A

adrenal glands

69
Q

Outer region and Inner region of adrenal glands

A

Outer region= adrenal cortex
Inner region= adrenal medulla

70
Q

Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
Adrenal sex hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

71
Q

Epinephrine
Nonepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

72
Q

in adrenal cortex
Influence food metabolism, inflammation, and stress
Promote synthesis of glucose from amino acids and fats by undergoing gluconeogenesis
ACTH controls synthesis and secretion

A

Glucocorticoids

73
Q

in adrenal cortex
Regulate salt balance of body fluids
Promotes tubular reabsorption
of sodium and secretion of potassium in kidneys Salt-regulating action is controlled by renin-angiotensin system and blood levels of potassium

A

Mineralocorticoids

74
Q

in adrenal cortex
Produces androgens that act similarly to testosterone

A

Adrenal sex hormone

75
Q

Secretes epinephrine
(adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Functions
- Moderate constriction of arterioles
- Mobilization of liver glycogen and fat stores
Oxygen consumption
- Blood coagulation
- Activity of GI tract

A

adrenal medulla

76
Q

Both exocrine and endocrine gland

A

Pancreas

77
Q

secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells

78
Q

Endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

79
Q

secrete insulin and amylin

A

Beta cells

80
Q

secrete somatostatin

A

Delta cells

81
Q

secret pancreatic polypeptide

A

Gamma cells

ZOOLONE 3 (6 decks)

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