CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
organ system where the exchange of materials throughout the body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
cells can exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium
DIFFUSION in small animals or thin animals
cells exchange materials with the environment via a fluid-filled circulatory system
DIFFUSION in most animals
functions in both digestive and distribution of substances,
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
animals with body well is only 2 cells thick
jellyfish cnidarians and flatworms
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM components:
circulatory fluid
set of interconnecting vessels
muscular pump ( heart )
may be open or closed
may vary in number of circuits in the body
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
insects, other arthropods, and some molluscs circulatory system
do not have blood vessel
presence of hemolymph
body fluids are continuous within the body
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
circulatory fluid that bathes the organs directly
white, clear, or yellowish-white instead of red blood color
hemolymph
annelids, vertebrates, and cephalopods circulatory system
presence of blood
blood enters in the atrium
blood is pumped out in the ventricle
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
confined to vessels
moves along the blood vessels
distinct from the interstitial fluid
blood
closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
arteries
veins
capillaries
3 main types of blood vessels
branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart, toward the capillaries
arteries
branch into venules and return blood to the heart
veins
network of vessels and site of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluids
capillaries
blood enters in the ___
atrium
blood is pumped out in the ___
ventricle
brings blood from the circulation back into the heart
atrium
pumps the blood out
ventricle
bony fishes, rays, and sharks have single circulation with a two-chambered heart
blood leaving the heart passes through 2 capillary beds before returning
SINGLE CIRCULATION
single circulation pathway
atrium - ventricle - artery - gill capillaries - body capillaries - vein - heart
amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
maintains higher blood pressure in the organs than does single circulation
DOUBLE CIRCULATION
amphibians:
lung & skin capillaries ( to get oxygen ) - atrium - heart-ventricle - artery ( to deliver oxygenated blood ) - systemic circuit
pulmocutaneous circuit
amphibians:
systemic capillaries ( exchange of gases / gets deoxygenated blood ) - veins - atrium - heart
systemic circuit
oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
reptiles and mammals closed circulatory system
reptiles and mammals:
oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
reptiles and mammals:
no skin is involved
lung capillaries - left atrium - left ventricle - artery - systemic circuit
pulmonary circuit
reptiles and mammals:
systemic capillaries - vein - right atrium - right ventricle
systemic circuit
reptiles and mammals closed circulatory system pathway
getting oxygen from pulmonary circuit - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - systemic circuit to distribute oxygen rich blood - vein - right atrium - right ventricle
some vertebrates with double circulation are, amphibians and many reptiles, relying on skin for gas exhange
intermittent breathers
3-chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
frogs and amphibians
a septum divides the ventricles
pulmonary and systemic circuits connect where arteries exit the heart
still 3-chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle
reptiles / alligators, caimans, and other crocodilians
mammals and birds heart parts
4-chambered heart
2 atria
2 ventricles
right: deoxygenated
left: oxygenated
pathway of the circulatory system in mammals and birds
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs ( blood gets oxygen, release carbon dioxide )
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
body tissues via capillaries ( blood exchange )
superior (upper portion of the body) and inferior (lower portion of the body) vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
2 atria, 2 ventricles
found in the thorax region
protected by rib cage
enclosed in pericardium
THE MAMMALIAN HEART
with relatively thin walls
serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart
atria
with thicker walls
contract much more forcefully
pump out blood
ventricles
(valves)
tricuspid valve ( RA & RV )
bicuspid, mitral valve ( LA & LV )
atrioventricular valves
(valves)
pulmonary semilunar valve
( RV & pulmonary artery )
aortic semilunar valve
( LF & aorta )
semilunar valves
muscles that hold the atrioventricular valves
chordae tendineae
contraction or pumping phase
systole
relaxation or filling phase
diastole
normal heartbeat creates what sound
normal heartbeat creates a lub-dub sound
recoil of blood against AV valves
lub
recoil of blood against semilunar valves
dub
checked in the pulse
number of beats per minute
heart rate
backflow of blood through a defective valve
heart murmur
pacemaker
sets the rate and timing at which the cardiac muscle cells contract
found in right atrium
sinoatrial ( SA ) node
MAINTAINING THE HEART’S RHYTHMIC BEAT
impulses from the SA node goes down to the atrioventricular ( AV ) node, to the bundle of his, then purkinje fibers, cause the contraction
recording of the impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG )
what wave does the SA node make
P wave
what wave does the AV node make
PR interval
what wave does the Bundle of His node make
start of QRS complex
what wave does the Purkinje fibers make
QRS complex
connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
blood
55% of the blood
98% of ____ is water
contains electrolytes
plasma
contains inorganic salts as dissolved ions
electrolytes
most abundant plasma proteins
albumin
influence blood pH and help maintain osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid
function in lipid transport, immunity, and blood clotting
plasma proteins
about 45% of the volume of the blood
cellular elements
cells in the blood that contain hemoglobin, biconcave in shape
red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
iron- containing protein that transports the oxygen, each molecule binds to 4 molecules of oxygen
hemoglobin
in mammals, mature erythrocytes do not have nuclei and mitochondria
red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
for defense either by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by mounting immune responses against foreign substances
found both inside and outside of the circulatory system
white blood cells ( leukocytes )
a type of white blood cell that has small granules inside them, contain proteins
granulocytes
3 granulocytes
basophil
eosinophil
neutrophil
> 1% indicates inflammation or allergic reaction
histamine
basophil
WBC against
parasitic worms
antihistamine
eosinophil
WBC against
bacteria
neutrophil
fewer granules, white blood cells that have no distinct granules in their cytoplasm
agranulocytes
agranulocytes 2 types
lymphocyte
monocyte
WBC on immune responses
lymphocyte
macrophages or phagocytes
monocyte
formed in the bone marrow
came from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes / myeloid stem cells
cell fragments that are involved in clotting
release thromboplastin and other clotting factors
platelets ( thrombocytes )
formation of solid clot from liquid blood
coagulation
cascade of complex reactions converts inactive fibrinogen into fibrin
BLOOD CLOTTING
blood clot formed within a blood vessel
can block blood flow
thrombus
thin-walled vessels that would extend to different parts of the body to collect lymph
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
clear-to-white fluid made of: White blood cells, especially lymphocytesthe cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissues.
transfer fat molecules absorbed from the small intestine
trap and remove foreign particles
plays a major role in the body’s defenses
lymph
together with the _______, they are for production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
thymus gland and bone marrow
