Urogenital, renal and ureteral abnormalities

Question 1

Patent urachus

Answer 1

Embryological component - in this condition, the communication from the umbilicus to the bladder remains open

Question 2

Clinical signs of patent urachus

Answer 2

• Dribbling of urine from the urachus
• Some degree of pain often associated
• Often infection is observed

Question 3

How do you diagnose and treat a patent urachus?

Answer 3

• Ultrasound to diagnose
• Requires surgical treatment:
  
  • Surgically resect urachus back to bladder, inverting the bladder, ensuring all brachial structures removed
  • Clamp the brachial scar to ensure closure

Question 4

Answer 4

Patent urachus

Question 5

Omphalophlebitis

Answer 5

Umbilical vein infection

Question 6

Omphaloarteritis

Answer 6

Umbilical artery infection

Question 7

True/false: chronic kidney disease is clinically silent in the early stages.

Answer 7

True

The disease is silent until 65-75% of nephrons have been lost

Question 8

What is considered renal failure?

Answer 8

• Loss of urine concentrating ability
• Relatively dilute urine is seen with persistent renal azotaemia and creatinine
• Both kidneys must be affected

Question 9

At what USG has the kidney lost its concentrating ability in the dog?

Answer 9

< 1.030

Question 10

At what USG has the kidney lost its concentrating ability in the cat?

Answer 10

< 1.035

Question 11

What is the end result of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 11

• Fibrosis
• Tubulointerstitial nephritis is common → scar tissue replaces functional nephrons

Question 12

Acute kidney injury may be:

a) Progressive with a permanent loss of neutrons → CKD
b) Rapidly fatal due to overwhelming acute kidney damage
c) a complication of pre-existing CKD
d) all of the above

Answer 12

a) Progressive with a permanent loss of neutrons → CKD
b) Rapidly fatal due to overwhelming acute kidney damage
c) a complication of pre-existing CKD

d) all of the above