Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FCP > Surgery > Flashcards

Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Sepsis

A

Presence of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asepsis

A

Free from infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antisepsis

A

Prevention of sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sterilisation

A

Elimination of all microorganisms including spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Disinfection

A

Removal of all microorganisms, sometimes not including spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacterial infection

A

defined as having more than 10^5 bacteria per gram of tissue i.e. bigger than colonisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Classification of surgical wounds

A
  1. Clean
  2. Clean-contaminated
  3. Contaminated
  4. Dirty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Clean wound

A

Non-traumatic, non-inflamed operative wounds that do not enter respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, oropharyngeal tracts.
E.g. elective neuter, THR

Infection rates = 0-4.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Clean-contaminated wound

A

Operative wounds in which respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, oropharyngeal tracts are entered but under controlled conditions without unusual contamination.
E.g. bronchoscopy, enterotomy

Infection rates =4.5-9.3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contaminated wound

A

Open, fresh, accidental wounds or procedures in which GI contents or infected urine is spilled or a major break in aseptic technique occurs.
E.g. cystotomy with spillage of infected urine, open cardiac massage for CPR

Infection rates =5.8-28.6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dirty wound

A

Old traumatic wounds with purulent discharge, devitalised tissues or foreign bodies; procedures in which a viscus is perforated or faecal contamination occurs.
E.g. excision/drainage of an abscess, bullae osteotomy for otitis media, perforated intestinal tract

Gross infection is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Circumstances in which antibiotics should be used prophylactically

A
  • Surgery time longer than 90 mins
  • Prosthesis implantation E.g. mesh, pacemaker, bone cement
  • Patients with pre-existing prosthesis E.g. hip replacement undergoing certain surgical procedures
  • Severely infected or traumatised wounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors affecting the establishment of infection

A
  • Host factors e.g. age, physical condition, nutritional status etc.
    • Diagnostic procedures e.g. placing a catheter increases likelihood of an ascending infection
    • Concurrent metabolic disorders e.g. HAC
    • Medication e.g. corticosteroids, chemotherapy
  • Operating room practice
    • Aseptic technique
    • Sterilisation, disinfection
    • Anaesthesia
    • Atraumatic technique
  • Characteristics of bacterial contaminants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Discuss the rational use of antibiotics in the surgical patient

A
  • Generally, antibiotics are used for contaminated/dirty wounds
  • Sometimes they are used for clean-contaminated wounds
  • Prophylactic use is rarely recommended, but may be indicated in specific circumstances
  • Rational selection of antibiotics should be used
  • Ideally this would depend on culture and sensitivity, but in practice time and financial constraints mean this isn’t possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic that could be used for a patient undergoing large intestine surgery

A
  • In this case we might be particularly concerned about anaerobes
  • Metronidazole has good anaerobe coverage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which should you use for cutting skin: scissors or a scalpel?

A

A scalpel

Scissors = poor practice, would crush the skin as they cut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most commonly used scalpel blade?

A

Number 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which scalpel blade should you use for the most delicate tissues? e.g. a urethrostomy

A

Number 15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which forceps are considered the go-to for soft tissue surgery?

A

Debakey forceps

They were originally designed for vascular use and are the least traumatic of forceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Here are some forceps. What are they used for?

A

Haemostat forceps

  • Designed to occlude blood vessels and prevent haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Here are some forceps. What are they used for?

A

Tissue holding forceps

  • Designed to handle and manipulate tissues.
  • Specific design varies according to relevant tissue.
22
Q

Tensile strength

A

breaking strength per unit area.

i.e. how strong it is under tension

23
Q

Memory

A

tendency to retain original configuration when it comes out of the packet.

24
Q

Which has higher memory: monofilaments or multifilament? What does this mean?

A

Monofilaments have higher memory, making it potentially harder to tie secure knots.

25
Q

Chatter/tissue drag

A

lack of smoothness/friction while passing through the tissue.

Multifilaments have more drag than monofilaments.

26
Q

Tissue reaction

A

inflammatory response to the placement of sutures

27
Q

What are the advantages of absorbable suture material?

A

✅ They disappear

✅ Low risk of long-term foreign body reaction

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of absorbable suture materials?

A

❌ Lose strength

❌ Limited period of wound support

29
Q

What are the advantages of non-absorbable suture materials?

A

✅ Permanent

✅ Provide indefinite wound support

30
Q

What are the disadvantages of non-absorbable suture materials?

A

❌ They do not disappear

❌ Possibility of delayed reactions e.g. foreign body reaction

31
Q

What are the advantages of braided (multifilament) suture materials?

A

✅ Easy to handle

✅ Excellent knotting; very secure

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of braided (multifilament) suture materials?

A

❌ Greater friction and tissue drag

❌ More tissue trauma

33
Q

What are the advantages of monofilament suture materials?

A

✅ Minimal tissue trauma

✅ Passes through tissues easily: minimal drag

✅ No capillary action

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of monofilament suture materials?

A

❌ Harder to handle

❌ Harder to knot

❌ Require different knotting technique for greater security

35
Q

What are the advantages of natural suture materials?

A

✅ Easy to handle

✅ Easy to knot compared to synthetic monofilament sutures

✅ High histocompatibility

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural suture materials?

A

❌ Moderate/high tissue reaction

❌ Low tensile strength

37
Q

What are the advantages of synthetic suture materials?

A

✅ High tensile strength

✅ Predictable biological behaviour

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of synthetic suture materials?

A

❌ Poorer knotting than natural materials (if synthetic monofilament)

39
Q

What are the consequences of suture material implantation?

A
  • Suture material is a foreign body which causes a tissue reaction
  • Methods of absorption:
    • Phagocytosis - more aggressive
      • Hydrolysis - generally smaller tissue reaction
39
Q

What are the consequences of suture material implantation?

A
  • Suture material is a foreign body which causes a tissue reaction
  • Methods of absorption:
    • Phagocytosis - more aggressive
    • Hydrolysis - generally smaller tissue reaction
40
Q

How are natural sutures absorbed?

A

via phagocytosis

e.g. catgut

41
Q

How are synthetic sutures absorbed?

A

Hydrolysis

42
Q

If there is infection in a wound, are you better off closing it with monofilament or multifilament?

A

Monofilament

Multifilament has a large surface area and provides nooks and crannies for bacteria to colonise

43
Q

What size suture material would we use for ophthalmic surgery?

A

11-0

44
Q

What are some issues with eyed needles?

A

❌ Have to use a double strand of suture material → increased tissue trauma

❌ Multiple uses will blunt the needle

45
Q

Why are swaged needles the needles of choice?

A

✅ Cause minimal trauma

✅ Single use

✅ Optimal penetration properties

However, they are more expensive

46
Q

When would we use a taperpoint needle?

A

When suturing the intestines (where we don’t want to make a big hole)

47
Q

What is ductility?

A

Ductility: the bending property of the needle. It warns the surgeon that the force being placed upon it is too great.

48
Q

Name some prophylactic antibiotics you could give to an equine patient undergoing surgery (if antibiotics were required).

A
  • Procaine penicillin (IV)
  • Gentamicin (IV)
  • Oxytetracycline (non IV)
49
Q

How should theatre be cleaned at the start of the day?

A

Damp dust with disinfectant

FCP (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions