Urogenital II

Question 1

an effective vulvar seal decreases _________, depends on orientation of the vulva

Answer 1

pneumovagina, ascending bacterial infection

Question 2

w/ vulvoplasty, the vulva is typically closed to the level of the ______

Answer 2

ischial arch

Question 3

remove vulvoplasty sutures ______ before expected foaling date

Answer 3

2 weeks

Question 4

type of anesthesia used w/ vulvoplasty

Answer 4

local block

Question 5

recto-vaginal lacerations typically occur _______ to the peritoneum

Answer 5

caudal

Question 6

___ degree perineal laceration affects the skin only

Answer 6

1st

Question 7

___ degree perineal laceration involves the perineal body

Answer 7

2nd

Question 8

___ degree perineal laceration must be surgically repaired

Answer 8

3rd

Question 9

timing of sx repair w/ perineal lacerations

Answer 9

delayed until tissue is healthy or foal is weaned (1-5 months)

Question 10

diet considerations prior to surgical repair of perineal laceration

Answer 10

minimal fiber, +mineral oil

Question 11

first step of Aanes repair for perineal laceration

Answer 11

repair wall b/t vestibule and rectum

Question 12

second step of Aanes repair for perineal laceration

Answer 12

reconstruct perineal body

Question 13

method for one step repair of perineal laceration

Answer 13

Goetze

Question 14

similar to a perineal laceration but doesn’t extend all the way externally; still has high contamination/communication between structures

Answer 14

rectovaginal fistula

Question 15

sx used to correct poor perineal conformation that is too severe for caslicks alone

Answer 15

perineoplasty

Question 16

fibromuscular septum between the anus and vulva, responsible for orientation of the vulva

Answer 16

perineal body

Question 17

etiology of most rectal tears

Answer 17

iatrogenic

Question 18

most common type of rectal tear, occurs in mare frequently palpated

Answer 18

I

Question 19

grade ___ rectal tear, just the mucosa is torn

Answer 19

I

Question 20

grade ___ rectal tear , just the muscular layer is torn but the mucosa is intact

Answer 20

II

Question 21

grade ___ rectal tear, everything torn except the peritoneal layer, maybe life threatening; maybe life threatening

Answer 21

III

Question 22

grade ___ rectal tear, all layers torn, direct communication to peritoneal cavity; always life threatning

Answer 22

IV

Question 23

initial management of rectal tear

Answer 23

determine extent of tear, broad spectrum abx, decrease straining

Question 24

tx for grade I rectal tear

Answer 24

soften manure, no palpation for 30 days, NSAIDs/abx

Question 25

cause of theoretically grade II rectal tears

Answer 25

neuro problem

Question 26

cause of grade III rectal tears

Answer 26

repeated manual evacuation

Question 27

tx for grade III rectal tear

Answer 27

diverting colostomy, primary repair (often not possible), liner

Question 28

tx for grade II rectal tear

Answer 28

dietary management

Question 29

tx for grade IV rectal tear

Answer 29

typically euth (suture, rectal liner, diverting colostomy, abdominal lavage)

Question 30

most common type of ovarian tumor in the horse, indication for ovariectomy

Answer 30

granulosa theca cell

Question 31

sx method of choice for most ovarectomies, usually done standing, improves pedicle access

Answer 31

laparoscopic

Question 32

sx approach used for large tumors

Answer 32

ventral

Question 33

common etiology of uroperitoneum

Answer 33

male foals with stones

Question 34

the bladder tear is usually on the _____ side of the bladder in foals

Answer 34

dorsal

Question 35

clinical signs of uroperitoneum

Answer 35

straining to urinate, depression, enlarged abdomen

Question 36

peritoneal fluid with a creatinine ______ = ruptured urinary tract

Answer 36

>2:1

Question 37

abnormalities seen on serum chemistries of foals with uroperitoneum

Answer 37

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia

Question 38

signs of uroperitoneum seen on ultrasound

Answer 38

excess free fluid, bladder tear

Question 39

in uroperitoneum, it is most important to fix ______

Answer 39

hyperkalemia (medical tx before surgical tx)

Question 40

sx approach to repair uroperitoneum in foals

Answer 40

caudal ventral midline (standing in mares)

Question 41

is catheter needed after uroperitoneum sx?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

clinical signs of umbilical infections

Answer 42

enlarged umbilicus, secondary joint infxns, febrile

Question 43

most often indicated tx for umbilical infections

Answer 43

sx removal (no improvement after medical therapy, infected umbilical remnants, ruptured urachus)

Question 44

umbilical resection repair typically also involves removing a portion of the _______

Answer 44

urinary bladder

Question 45

repair for patent urachus

Answer 45

umbilical resection, scar with silver nitrate or iodine