Urogenital HARC and EofB

Question 1

Hypospadias vs Epispadias regarding location:

Answer 1

Epispadias is a rare malformation of the penis in which the urethra ends in an opening on the upper aspect (the dorsum) of the penis.

Question 2

What is the most common cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?

Answer 2

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 3

What is believed to be the most common cause of miscarriage?

Answer 3

Genetic

Question 4

A woman presents at 6 weeks with left sided abdominal pain. The gynaecologist organises an ultrasound scan to exclude an ectopic pregnancy. What is the earliest structure that can be seen in the uterus on ultrasound that should exclude an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 4

Yolk sac

Question 5

A woman is diagnosed at 20 weeks with a growth restricted fetus. Which tissue may have failed to develop appropriately and have led to this condition?

Answer 5

Placenta

Question 6

Which part of the developing placenta is in contact with maternal blood from 7-8 weeks and is responsible for gaseous and nutritional transport?

Answer 6

Syncytiotrophoblast

Question 7

What is the main clinical feature of ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 7

Abdominal pain

Question 8

The nursing staff caring for a 90 year old lady in a home have noticed blood in her underwear. What is the most likely cause?

Answer 8

Endometrial cancer

Question 9

A 23 year old women attends the gynaecology clinic with pain during intercourse and just before her periods. The pain reduces when she starts to menstruate. What is the most likely cause of her pain?

Answer 9

Endometriosis

Question 10

A 40 year old woman with 2 children attends her GP as she feels her clothes are getting tight and she has had heavier periods since the birth of her last child 2 years ago. What is the most likely underlying pathology?

Answer 10

Uterine fibroids

Question 11

Storage symptoms.

Answer 11

The collective term for symptoms including urgency, frequency and nocturia.