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Urogenital 2 > Cervical Cancer > Flashcards

Cervical Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What cells line the endocervix?

A

Columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus.

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2
Q

What cells line the ectocervix?

A

Squamous epithelial cells.

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3
Q

Where is the transformation zone?

A

At the squamocolumnar junction where the endo and ectocervix meet.

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4
Q

Explain metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction.

A

Columnar epithelial cells undergo metaplasia and transform into squamous epithelial cells.

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5
Q

Where does cervical intraepithelial neoplasia begin?

A

In the basal layer of the transformation zone.

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6
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

HPV (16&18)

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7
Q

How does HPV cause cervical cancer?

A

HPV blocks the action of tumour supressor genes namely P53. This results in uncontrolled replication of cervical epithelial cells which are resistant to apoptosis.

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8
Q

Explain the grading of cervical neoplasia.

A

CIN 1 - affects the lower one third of the epithelium.
CIN 2 - affects two thirds.
CIN 3 - affects virtually all of the cervical epithelium.
Carcinoma in situ
Invasive cervical cancer

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9
Q

What type are the majority of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas

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10
Q

Why are squamous cell carcinomas the most common form of cervical cancer?

A

The squamous cells of the cervix are affected by dysplasia first.

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11
Q

Dysplasia

A

Dysplasia refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs. It can lead to a wide range of conditions that involve enlarged tissue or pre-cancerous cells.

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12
Q

What is the second most common form of cervical cancer?

A

Cervical adenocarcinoma - epithelial gland cells of the cervix.

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13
Q

Note: HPV to cervical cancer has a slow progression and can take between 10-20 years.

A

Note: HPV to cervical cancer has a slow progression and can take between 10-20 years.

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14
Q

Which patient group is at high risk for HPV?

A

HPV is a STI so women that have multiple sexual partners and do not use condoms.

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15
Q

What are risk factors for HPV?

A

Type of HPV
Length of infection
Immunocomprimised
Smoking

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16
Q

Preventative measure for HPV.

A

HPV vaccine which protects against HPV 16&18 the strains that have been linked to causing cervical cancer.

17
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after sexual intercourse).
Vaginal discomfort.
Vaginal discharge with unpleasant smell.
Pain when urinating.

18
Q

What are signs of metastasis of cervical cancer?

A

Constipation

Bloody urine

19
Q

What is the screening and prevention available for cervical cancer?

A 
Pap smear (recommended one smear every 3 years for females between 21 and 65).
HPV vaccine.
20
Q

What is the follow up for a pap smear that shows dysplasia?

A

Colposcopy and cervical biopsy.

21
Q

Colposcopy

A

Endoscopy of the cervix

22
Q

What causes the metaplasia of the cervix.

A

Metaplasia is thought o be a reaction of columnar epithelium to the acidic vaginal environment (during the reproductive years).

23
Q

Metaplasia

A

The reversible transformation of one differentiated cell into another differentiated cell.

24
Q

Neoplasia

A

Neoplasia is the presence or formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue.

25
Q

CIN’s

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia’s - they are the precursors of cervical cancer.

26
Q

HPV

A

Human papilloma virus

27
Q

What are the proteins that HPV produces that cause cervical cancer?

A

E6 and E7 which stimulate the continued proliferation of cells.

28
Q

What does E6 do?

A

E6 promotes degradation of p53 protein leading
to the inhibition of apoptosis and cell cycle
arrest.

29
Q

What does E7?

A

E7 promotes degradation of Rb protein leading

to the promotion of cellular proliferation.

30
Q

What % of cervical cancer cases in the UK are caused by HPV infection?

A

99.8% of cervical cancer cases in the UK are caused by HPV infection.

31
Q

What are the two HPV vaccines called?

A

Gardasil

Cervarix

32
Q

Condyloma

A

Wartlike growths around the anus, vulva, or glans penis.

Urogenital 2 (22 decks)

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