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Urogenital 2 > Benign and Malignant Uterine Conditions > Flashcards

Benign and Malignant Uterine Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Polyps usually present how?

A

Polyps are benign and often asymptomatic

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2
Q

What symptom may be seen with polyps?

A

Can cause postmenopausal and inter-menstrual bleeding.

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3
Q

What are the two types of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Hyperplasia without atypia

Atypical hyperplasia

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4
Q

What symptoms are seen with endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Heavy periods
Irregular periods
Postmenopausal bleeding

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5
Q

What investigations are carried out with endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Endometrial biopsy

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6
Q

What are the two forms of type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Endometrioid

Mucinous

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Irregular perimenopausal bleeding

Postmenopausal bleeding

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8
Q

What are the investigations carried out for type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Ultrasound of endometrial thickness
Endometrial biopsy
Hysteroscopy

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9
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Total hysterectomy and removal of tubes and

ovaries.

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10
Q

What are the three forms of type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Uterine serous
Clear cell
Carcinosarcoma

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Pain

Postmenopausal bleeding

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12
Q

What are the investigations carried out for type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Ultrasound of endometrial thickness
Endometrial biopsy
Hysteroscopy

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13
Q

What is the treatment for type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Total hysterectomy and removal of tubes and

ovaries.

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14
Q

Fibroids

A

Fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in or around the uterus.

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15
Q

What are fibroids made up of?

A

The growths are made up of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue.

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16
Q

What are fibroids also known as?

A

They’re sometimes known as uterine myomas or leiomyomas.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of fibroids?

A 
Heavy bleeding during/between periods with clots.
Pain in pelvis/lower back.
Increased menstrual cramping.
Increased urination.
Pain during sex.
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18
Q

What investigations are carried out for fibroids?

A

Ultrasound

MRI

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19
Q

What are the treatment options for fibroids?

A

Medical - GnRH analogues, antiprogestogens

Surgical – myomectomy, hysterectomy

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20
Q

CIN

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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21
Q

CGIN

A

Cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia

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22
Q

What are the two types of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous carincoma

Adenocarcinoma

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23
Q

What are the two types of cervical epithelium?

A

Squamous

Glandular

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24
Q

What is the transformation zone in the cervix?

A

The transformation zone is the area of metaplasia on

the cervix.

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25
Q

What is the squamocolumnar junction?

A

The region where squamous and glandular epithelium meet.

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26
Q

What is the major risk factor for cervical cancer?

A

HPV

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Irregular bleeding
Post coital bleeding
Discharge
Pelvic pain

28
Q

What are the investigations carried out for cervical cancer?

A

Colposcopy
Biopsy
MRI

29
Q

What is colposcopy and when is it done?

A

A colposcopy is a simple procedure used to look at the cervix, the lower part of the womb at the top of the vagina. It’s often done if cervical screening finds abnormal cells in your cervix.

30
Q

What are the early treatments for cervical cancer.

A

Surgery (fertility sparing or radical

hysterectomy - both with pelvic lymphadenectomy)

31
Q

What is the late treatment for cervical cancer?

A

Chemoradiotherapy

32
Q

What are the risk factors of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Unopposed oestrogen

33
Q

What are the risk factors of type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Unopposed oestrogen

34
Q

What are the risk factors of type 2 endometrial cancer?

A

Tamoxifen

35
Q

What is tamoxifen normally used to treat?

A

Breast cancer

36
Q

What are the risk factors of fibroids?

A

Family history
High BMI
Ethnicity

37
Q

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

A

Smoking
Not attending smear tests
HPV

38
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignancy arising from the endometrial glands

39
Q

Sarcomas

A

Malignancy arising from the muscle

40
Q

Which hormone is closely associated with type 1 endometrial cancer?

A

Oestrogen

41
Q

Hysteroscopy

A

Visualisation of the uterine cavity with a fine telescope.

42
Q

What causes endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Persistent and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation of the endometrium.

43
Q

Where does CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) develop?

A

CIN develops in the transformation zone of the cervix.

44
Q

Dyskaryosis

A

Dyskaryosis means abnormal nucleus and refers to the abnormal epithelial cell which may be found in cervical sample.

45
Q

Cervical cancer arises from areas of CIN at the transformation zone of the cervix.

A

Cervical cancer arises from areas of CIN at the transformation zone of the cervix.

46
Q

Which forms of Human Papillomavirus have been associated with cervical cancer?

A

HPV16

HPV18

47
Q

How does cervical cancer metastasise?

A

Drainage into lymph vessels.

48
Q

In what layer of the uterus are fibroids found?

A

Myometrium

49
Q

Polyp

A

Polyps are abnormal tissue growths of uterine lining that most often look like small, flat bumps.

50
Q

How are fibroids different from polyps?

A

Fibroids differ from uterine polyps because they are not made from uterine lining (endometrial) tissues.

Polyps grow from endometrial tissue that attaches to the lining of the uterus.

51
Q

What can uterine polyps lead to?

A

Cancer
Irregular menstrual periods and instability of “normal” cycles
Vaginal bleeding
Infertility

52
Q

What are the major signs of uterine polyps?

A

Heavy (and longer than normal) periods
Pain near the hips, legs and during sexual intercourse
Bladder discomfort

53
Q

What is an intramural fibroid?

A

A fibroid that is wedged in the wall of the uterus.

54
Q

What is a submucosal fibroid?

A

Submucosal fibroids are inside the uterine lining and grow inward.

55
Q

What is a subserosal fibroid?

A

Subserosal uterine fibroids develop outside of the uterine lining.

56
Q

What are the three types of fibroid?

A

Intramural
Submucosal
Subserosal

57
Q

What are the classic fibroid symptoms?

A

Fibroid symptoms include heavy bleeding, pelvic pain, constipation and enlarged uterus.

58
Q

What hormones stimulate fibroid growth?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone which is why fibroids shrink after menopause.

59
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Menstrual camps (uterine contractions)

60
Q

How can fibroids affect renal function?

A

Increased urination if mass presses on bladder.

Decreased urination if mass compresses ureter.

61
Q

PCOS is a dysfunction of what?

A

The hypothalamus pituitary ovarian axis.

62
Q

Which hormone is produced in excess in PCOS?

A

LH leading to excess androstenodione production.

63
Q

What happens to the excess androstenodione produced in PCOS?

A

It is converted into estrone by aromatase in fat cells.

64
Q

How do persistently high LH levels lead to PCOS?

A

High levels of LH means there is no LH surge so ovulation will not occur and the dominant follicle will remain in the ovary as a cyst.

65
Q

How does insulin affect theca cells?

A

Theca cells have insulin receptors so overtime they can grow and divide leading to to many LH receptors.

66
Q

Hysterscopy

A

Inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy.

67
Q

How is cervical cancer graded?

A

CIN I Mild dyskaryosis
CIN II Moderate dyskaryosis
CIN III Severe dyskaryosis

Urogenital 2 (22 decks)

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