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Phase 2 v2 > Urogenital > Flashcards

Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

What is an epididymal cyst/spermatocele?

A
  • Cyst in the epididymis containing fluid.
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2
Q

What are the key diagnostic procedures for an epididymal cyst/spermatocele?

A
  • Usually just clinical examination.
  • Transillumination to show the cyst contains fluid.
  • USS can be used to rule out tumour if unsure.
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3
Q

What is the treatment for an epididymal cyst/spermatocele?

A
  • Usually none as it is harmless.
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4
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A
  • Fluid collection between the membranous layers that surround the testes (tunica vaginalis).
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5
Q

What are the two types of hydrocele?

A
  • Communicating hydrocele. Connection between the abdomen and the tunica vaginalis, which allows peritoneal fluid into the scrotal membrane.
  • Non-communicating hydrocele. No connection between the abdomen and the tunica vaginalis. Caused by more fluid being produced than is being absorbed within the tunica vaginalis.
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6
Q

How is hydrocele diagnosed?

A
  • Physical examination (swollen testes).
  • Transillumination shows the swelling is fluid-filled.
  • USS is gold standard but rarely used.
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7
Q

What is the treatment for hydrocele?

A
  • Observation if asymptomatic.

- Surgery if symptomatic.

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8
Q

What is a varicocele?

A
  • Dilation of the internal spermatic veins.
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9
Q

Which testicle does varicocele normally occur in?

A
  • 90% are left sided.
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10
Q

How is varicocele diagnosed?

A
  • Physical examination.

- USS if needed.

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11
Q

What is the treatment for varicocele?

A
  • Surgical correction.
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12
Q

What is the main complication of varicocele?

A
  • Potential infertility.
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13
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord, leading to occlusion of blood flow, ischaemia and potentially necrosis of testicular tissue.

MEDICAL EMERGENCY.

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14
Q

What is the clinical presentation of testicular torsion?

A
  • Severe, acute onset testicular pain.
  • Nausea/vomiting.
  • Pain is not relieved by scrotal elevation (this would be indicative of epididymitis).
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15
Q

What is the treatment for testicular torsion?

A
  • Urgent corrective surgery (detorsion).

- Sometimes testicle will be lost. Here, consider a prosthetic device.

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16
Q

What is epididymitis? What is the most common cause of epididymitis?

A

Inflammation of the epididymis.

Most commonly due to infection with N.gonorrhoea.

17
Q

How is epididymitis treated?

A
  • Ceftriaxone.
18
Q

Which group is testicular cancer the most common malignancy in?

A
  • Young men (20-34 YO).
19
Q

What is the appearance of testicular cancer?

A
  • Smooth, firm nodules firmly attached to one testis.
20
Q

What is the diagnostic investigation for testicular cancer?

A
  • USS testis.
21
Q

What is the treatment for testicular cancer?

A
  • Inguinal orchiectomy (surgical).
22
Q

What are the key presenting features of bladder cancer?

A
  • Haematuria (either microscopic or gross).

- Dysuria (pain or difficulty urinating).

23
Q

What is the most common type of bladder cell cancer?

A
  • Over 90% are transitional cell carcinomas (now called urothelial carcinomas).
24
Q

What is the first line investigation for bladder cancer?

What is the diagnostic investigation for bladder cancer?

A
  • Urinalysis (look for haematuria) is 1st line.

- Cystoscopy is diagnostic.

25
Q

What is the treatment for bladder cancer?

A
  • Transurethral bladder resection.
26
Q

What is the precursor condition to prostate cancer?

A
  • PIN.
27
Q

What is the presentation of prostate cancer?

A

Often asymptomatic.

In later stages may cause:

  • Dysuria.
  • Urgency.
  • Nocturia.
  • Hesitancy.
  • Haematuria.
28
Q

What are the investigations used in BPH/prostate cancer screening?

How does DRE vary in prostate cancer vs BPH?

A
  • PSA measurement.
  • DRE. Look for hard, craggy mass (prostate cancer) or smooth, rubbery, enlarged prostate (BPH).
  • DRE will show asymmetry in cancer and symmetry in BPH.
29
Q

What is the diagnostic investigation used for prostate cancer?

A

-Prostate biopsy.

30
Q

What is the management for prostate cancer?

A
  • If low level cancer, observation and regular PSA testing/DRE.
  • If higher level, radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy.
31
Q

What is the RED FLAG symptom for prostate cancer rather than BPH?

A
  • Haematuria.
32
Q

What is BHP?

A
  • Hyperplasia of the prostate cells.
33
Q

What is the presentation of BPH?

A

Voiding symptoms:

  • Hesitancy.
  • Post void dribbling.
  • Weak stream.

Storage symptoms:

  • Nocturia
  • Frequency
  • Urgency
34
Q

What investigations are used for BPH?

A
  • Monitor with DRE/PSA.
  • Urinalysis (check for haematuria and infection).
  • Prostate biopsy if cancer suspected.
35
Q

What is the treatment for BPH?

A
  • Doxazosin (alpha blocker). This will relax muscles of the prostate and bladder neck.
  • Consider radical prostatectomy.

Phase 2 v2 (14 decks)

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