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Phase 2 v2 > Other diseases > Flashcards

Other diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is HIV?

A

HIV is caused by a retrovirus hijacking reverse transcriptase enzymes within CD4 (T) cells, resulting in immunosuppression.

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2
Q

What is the clinical presentation of HIV?

A
  • Unexplained night sweats/fever > 1 month.
  • Involuntary weight loss.
  • Rash.
  • Mouth ulcers.
  • Sore throat.
  • Lymphadenopathy.
  • Recurrent infection.
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3
Q

What are the risk factors for HIV?

A
  • Unprotected straight sex.
  • Unprotected anal receiving.
  • Needle sharing.
  • Needle prick injuries.
  • Mother > child transmission.
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4
Q

What are the tests used to diagnose/monitor HIV?

A
  • ELISA/rapid HIV testing used for initial diagnosis.
  • High sensitivity, low specificity so requires 2 +ve tests before diagnosis.
  • Stage disease with CD4 cell count. <200 diagnoses AIDS.
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5
Q

What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?

What is the caveat to this treatment?

A

HAART (Highly active anti-retroviral therapy):

  • Uses 3+ anti-retroviral drugs to slow down the progression of HIV.
  • Requires good adherence to treatment, or will not work and will risk drug resistance development.
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6
Q

What is an AIDS defining disease?

What are the most common AIDS defining infectious organsisms?

A

AIDS defining disease - When a person with HIV gets it, they are now defined as having AIDS regardless of CD4 count.

Examples of AIDS defining diseases:

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Bacterial).
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii (fungal pneumonia).
  • CMV pneumonitis (viral pneumonia).
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7
Q

What is the most common form of breast cancer?

A
  • Invasive ductal carcinoma.
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8
Q

What is the clinical presentation of breast cancer?

A
  • Presence of a lump (90% will be benign).
  • Peau d’orange.
  • Nipple discharge.
  • Nipple inversion.
  • Typical cancer signs (e.g. weight loss, tiredness etc.)
  • Bone pain (bone is a common metastatic site of breast cancer).
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9
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A
  • Age
  • Female
  • FH
  • BRCA1/2 mutation
  • Alcohol
  • Increased breast density
  • Radiation
  • Other breast disease
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10
Q

How does breast cancer screening work?

A
  • Routinely between the ages of 50 and 70.

- Mammogram every 3 years to check for breast cancer.

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11
Q

How is breast cancer investigated?

A
  • Mammogram (either screening or ordered as 1st line due to suspicion). Picks up on breast cancer.
  • Breast biopsy (fine needle aspiration). Assesses the breast cancer and the type of breast cancer.
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12
Q

How does ductal carcinoma present in a breast core biopsy?

A
  • Cords of tumour cells, with the presence of fibrosis.
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13
Q

What is the treatment for breast cancer?

A

1st line:

  • Lumpectomy/mastectomy.
  • Course of chemo (doxorubicin).

If the cancer is advanced, do chemo BEFORE surgery as this increases the chance of successful resection of the tumour.

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14
Q

What are the most common sites of breast cancer metastases?

A
  • Bone (50% - most common)
  • Lung
  • Brain
  • Liver.
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15
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Acute infection of the skin typically presenting in the leg. Affects the dermis and underlying subcutaneous tissues.

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16
Q

What is the clinical presentation of cellulitis?

A
  • Red, swollen, painful skin.
  • Usually in leg.
  • If severe, may bleed/ulcerate.
17
Q

What are the risk factors for cellulitis?

A
  • Diabetes.
  • Immunosuppression.
  • Eczema.
  • Peripheral vascular disease.
18
Q

What are the two main causes of cellulitis?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Streptococcus pyrogenes.
  • Be careful as it could be MRSA.
19
Q

How is cellulitis investigated?

A
  • Usually, just a clinical diagnosis.
  • If bleeding/ulcerated, consider swabbing to check for MRSA.
  • If patient requires admission, take blood cultures.
20
Q

How is cellulitis treated?

A

Normally:
- Flucloxacillin (erythromycin if there is a penicillin allergy).

If MRSA:
- Add vancomycin.

21
Q

What is HZV?

A
  • Herpes zoster virus.

- Reactivation of the chicken pox virus (Varicella zoster virus).

22
Q

What is the typical presentation of HZV?

A
  • Dermatomal pain followed by a dermatomal rash.
23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HZV?

A
  • After the VZV infection (chicken pox) virus lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia.
  • Immunodeficiency triggers reactivation of the virus.
  • Spreads up the neurons associated with the dermatome (causing pain) which eventually reaches the skin and comes out as a dermatomal rash.
24
Q

What are the potential causes of immunocompromise relating to HZV reactivation?

A
  • HIV
  • Chemo
  • Steroid use
25
Q

What test is often indicated in HZV cases?

A
  • A HIV test.

Phase 2 v2 (14 decks)

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