Uro/Renal

Question 1

What is is called when there is a failure of one or both testes to descend

Answer 1

cryptorchidism

Question 2

what are risks if cryptorchidism is left untreated

Answer 2

infertility and malignancy

Question 3

how is cryptorchidism diagnosed

Answer 3

Ultrasound

Question 4

How is cryptorchidism treated

Answer 4

orchiopexy by age 1
- recommended ASAP after 4 months

Question 5

what is an infection that is limited to the bladder

Answer 5

cystitis

Question 6

who has the greatest risk for Cystitis

Answer 6

Girls (10x>boys)

Question 7

what is the most common pathogen associated with bacterial UTI in kids

Answer 7

E. Coli

Question 8

what are symptoms of cystitis in older children

Answer 8

similar to those in adults:
fever, frequency, urgency, dysuria, incontinence, abdominal pain and hematuria

Question 9

what are symptoms of cystitis in newborns/infants

Answer 9

non specific: fever, hypothermia, jaundice, poor feeding, irritability, vomiting, FTT, and sepsis

Question 10

how is cystitis diagnosed

Answer 10

Urinalysis and culture
culture is gold standard
can also do a renal and bladder US

Question 11

what is the treatment for cystitis

Answer 11

Cephalosporin x 14 days
- first gen (Keflex) for low risk of renal involvement
- 2nd or third gen for higher risk of renal involvement

Question 12

what is Enuresis

Answer 12

involuntary loss of urine in a child older than 5

Question 13

What is primary enuretics

Answer 13

pts who have never successfully maintained a dry period

Question 14

what is secondary enuretics

Answer 14

dry for several months before regular wetting occurs

Question 15

how is enuresis diagnosed

Answer 15

Urinalysis and culture to rule out infection.
log fluid intake, stool and voiding

Question 16

what are treatment options for enuresis

Answer 16

behavioral modification - nighttime audio alarm
medications - desmopressive (DDAVP)

Question 17

what is glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

inflammation of the glomerular basememnt membrane

Question 18

what is the hallmark sign of glomerulonephritis

Answer 18

hematuria

Question 19

what are types of acute glomerulonephritides

Answer 19

• postinfectious- group A strep
• Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Question 20

when is postinfectious group a strep glomerulonephritis seen

Answer 20

10-14 days after infection

Question 21

What are the two types of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Answer 21

• Goodpastures syndrome
• Vasculitis

Question 22

what are the chronic glomerulonephritides

Answer 22

• IgA nephropathy (berger disease)
• Alport’s syndrome
• Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 23

what is IgA nephropathy (berger disease)

Answer 23

affects young males within days after URI or GI infection - caused by over production of IgA immune complexes which damages kidneys

Question 24

what is Alports syndrome

Answer 24

isolated persistent painless hematuria
genetic condition occurs in children resulting in renal failure and hearing loss

Question 25

what causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Answer 25

SLE and viral hepatitis

Question 26

what are the manifestations of glomerulonephritis

Answer 26

proteinuria, HTN, azotemia, oliguria and hematuria

Question 27

what is a collection of fluid around the testicle or spermatic cord called

Answer 27

hydrocele

Question 28

how is hydrocele diagnosed

Answer 28

scrotal US or transillumintation

Question 29

what is the treatment for hydrocele

Answer 29

watchful waiting. usually resolves on its own within first 12 months of life.
occasional needle aspiration or surgery

Question 30

what is it called when the urethra opens on the bottom of the penile shaft

Answer 30

Hypospadias

Question 31

what diagnostic tests assists wtih diagnosis of hypospadias

Answer 31

excretory urogram

Question 32

when is hypospadias typically repaired

Answer 32

before 1-2 years old.
DO NOT circumcise

Question 33

what is it called when there is an inability to return the foreskin to normal position

Answer 33

paraphimosis

Question 34

what is the treatment of paraphimosis

Answer 34

applying firm circumferential compression to the glans with the hand.
if manual is ineffective - dorsal slit is used

Question 35

what is the inability to retract the foreskin called

Answer 35

phimosis

Question 36

at what age does phimosis usually resolve

Answer 36

around 5yo

Question 37

what is the treatment for phimosis

Answer 37

betamethasone topically.
if no improvement - circumcision

Question 38

what is a negative prehn’s sign

Answer 38

lifting of the testicle will not relieve pain

Question 39

what is seen on exam with testicular torsion

Answer 39

bell clapper deformity - asymmetric high riding testicle

Question 40

what relfex is affected with testicular torsion

Answer 40

cremaster reflex - absent

Question 41

what is the blue dot sign

Answer 41

tender nodule 2 to 3mm in diameter on upper pole of testicle - indicative of torsion of testicular apendance

Question 42

how is testicular torsion diagnosed

Answer 42

US and radionuclide study (GS)

Question 43

what is the treatment of testicular torsion

Answer 43

surgical emergency: may afffect fertility if left untreated longer than 4-6 hours

Question 44

what is vesicuoreteral reflux (VUR)

Answer 44

condition in which urine flows retrograde or backward from bladder into the ureter/kidneys

Question 45

how is VUG diagnosed

Answer 45

VCUG and monitor by using serial US and VCUGs

Question 46

what is the treatment of VUR

Answer 46

mild to mod: often resolves spontaneously
severe: requires surgical intervention