Hematology Flashcards
How is anemia defined
low hematocrit and/or hemoglobin relative to normal values
What are the symptoms of anemia
weakness, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion
what is seen on PE with anemia
pallor, tachycardia, systolic flow murmur, jaundice, positive stool guiac
what is primary hemostasis
formation of a weak platelet plug and causes mucocutaneous bleeding
what is secondary hemostasis
problems with coagulation factors and causes deep tissue bleeding
what is the presentation of PTT and PT with patients on warfarin
prolonged PT
Normal aPTT
what is the presentation of PT and aPTT for a patients on heparin
Prolonged aPTT
normal PT
what is hemophilia
deficiency in coagulation factor
hemophilia A and B are X-linked recessive disorder - deficiencies in factor 8 and 9
What is Astrocytoma
the most common Primary childhood CNS tumors that develop from astrocytes
how is astrocytoma diagnosed
MRI and hisological eval of biopsy
what is mudulloblastoma
m/c MALIGNANT posterior fossa tumor in children
what is Ependymoma
3rd m/c CNS tumor in kids
mean age dx is 6yo
what is retinoblastoma
malignancy of retina of the eye
what facotr is deficient in Hemophilia A
Factor 8
what factor is deficient in Hemophilia B
Factor 9
How is hemophilia diagnosed
Increase PTT
Normal PT
Normal Platelet
with decreased Factor 8 or 9 on assay
how is hemophilia treated
replacement of factor 8 or 9
- avoid situations that may provoke bleeding and avoid bleeding drugs
what is the most common environmental illness of kids in the US
Lead Poisoning
what are symptoms of lead poisoning
non-specific
behavioral changes, tempermental lability, irritability, hyper/hypoactivity, developmental delays, abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, lethargy, HA, ataxia and seizures
what lead level is considered positive for lead poisoning
10 ug/dL
How is lead poisioning diagnosed? what is seen on lab results?
Whole blood lead levels
basophilic stippling
Decrease or normal MCV
decreased or nomal MCH
Hemolysis
what is the treatment for Lead poisoning
prevent further exposure
chelation therapy
dietary measures
what is the presentation of ALL
child + lymphadenopathy + bone pain + bleeding + fever
bone marrow > 20% blasts in bone marrow
what ages are most common for ALL
peak age 3-7yo
what is seen on blood smear with AML
Auer Rods
what is the treatment for ALL
chemo
what is the treatment for AML
combo chemo and bone marrow transplant
what is Hodgkin lymphoma
Tumor dervied from lymphocytes - specifically B-cells which mainly reside in lymph nodes
what is the presentation of Hodgkin Lymphoma
painless cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
fatigue, weight loss, fever, chills, drenching night sweats > 1 month
what diagnostic tests are used for Hodgkin Lymphoma
CXR - mediastinal mass
CBC - normal, elevated ESR
CT - for staging
excisional biopsy of lymph nodes
what is seen on biopsy for Hodgkin lymphoma
Reed-sternberg cells
what is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
tumor derived from lymphocytes - specifically B-cells and T- cells
what is the presentation of NHL
painless lymphadenoapthy
extranodal involvement - GI tract, bone marrow, spinal cord
what is the earliest sign of Neutropenia
Fever
(usually hx of chemo treatment)
what is the outpatient treatment for Neutropenia
Cipro + Augmentin
Moxifloxacin
