Neuro/Developmental Flashcards
What chromosome is affected wtih Down syndrome
Chromosome 21
What is Down Syndrome
genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays
what is a risk factor for Down Syndrome
Advanced maternal age
what comorbiditis are associated with Down Syndrome
- Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
- Early-onset Alzheimers disease
- Atlantoaxial instability (C1-C2)
what are the most common issues for those affected with Down Syndrome
- Septal defects between atria
- duodenal atresia
- increased risk for ALL
- mental retardation and increased risk for alzheimers
- sterility in males
how can Down Syndrome be diagnosed
Ultrasound prenatally
Labs - prenatally: Amniocentesis/CVS
Quadrouple screen
Postnatal diagnosis: dysmorphic features
Above what temperature are febrile seizures associated with
Fevers greater than 38 degrees celcius (100.4F)
what are the most common ages affected by febrile seizures
between 6 months and 5 years of age
What is the treatment for febrile seizure
- mostly counseling, reassuracne and educating the parents
- antipyretics to alleviate symptoms of fever
- can consider further workup if concerned for infection/structural abdormalities
When is the Hepatitis B vaccine given
1st dose: within 24 hours of life
2nd dose: 1-2 months
3rd dose: 6-18 months
When is Rotavirus vaccine given
1st dose: 2 months
2nd dose: 4 months
3rd dose: 6 months
when is Diphtheria, tetanus and/or pertussis given
First dose: 2 months
Second dose: 4 months
Third dose: 6 months
Fouth Dose: 15-18 months
Fifth dose: 4-6 yo
boosters: start at 11 yo
When is H.Influenzae type B conjugate vaccine given
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 12-15 months
When is Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6 months
Fouth dose: 12-15 months
when is Poliovirus vaccine given
first dose: 2 months
second dose: 4 months
third dose: 6-18 months
fourth dose: 4-6 years
when is influenza vaccine given
annually for those 6months and older
when is MMR vaccine given
first dose: 12-15 months
second dose: 4-6 years old
when is Varicella vaccine given
first dose: 12-15 months
Second dose: 4-6 years old
when is Hepatitis A vaccine given
first dose: 12-24 months
second dose: atleast 6 months after first dose
when is HPV vaccine given
Two doses: 9-14yo: 6-12 months apart
three doses if 15yo or older given 0,1-2, and 6 months apart
when is meningococcal vaccine given
First dose: 11-12 yo
Second dose: 16yo
how often is Tdap/Td boostered
every 10 years
When is Zoster vaccine given
two doses given 2-6 months apart in pts 50 or older
What is the classic triad of meningitis
headache, fever and stiff neck (nuchal rigidity)
In the US, what is the common cause of meningitis
Viral infection
what is Kernig sign
knee extension causes pain in the neck
what is Brudzinski sign
leg raise when neck bend
how is meningitis diagnosed
Spinal tap: increased opening pressure, decreased glucose, increased WBC (neutrophils) and increased protein
how is meningitis treated
Dexamethasone and Empiric IV abx
(cephalosporin, vancomycin, penicillins)
what is the treatment for household contacts for those diagnosed with meningitis
Rifampin, Cipro, levaquin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone
What are the types of focal seizures
focal seizure with retained awareness
focal seizure with loss of awareness
what is the treatment for focal seizures
phenytoin and carbamazepine
what is a generalized seizure
occurs when there is a widespread seizure acitivty in R and L hemisphere of the brain
what are the different types of generalized seizures (6)
Absence seizures
tonic-clonic seizures
atonic seizures
clonic seizures
tonic seizures
myoclonic seizures
What is Status epilepticus
single epileptic seizure lasting more than 5minutes or two or more seizures within a 5-min period without person returning to nromal between them
what is the treatmetn for status epilepticus
Benzos (lorazepam) and then phenytoin
when does teething usually occur
6months to 24 months
what are classic signs of teething
excessive drooling
chewing on objects
irritability or crankiness
sore/tender gums
slight increase in temperature
what is turner syndrome
genetic disorder caused by missing X chromosome in female (45XO)
what is the most common genetic cause of primary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome
what are the common features of turners syndrome
streak ovaries
short stature
lyphadema
neck webbing
congenital heart and renal defects
what is the treatment for Turner syndrome
growth homrone therapy and sex hormone replacement therapy
