Uro Cancer Flashcards
___% of bladder cancer is invasive at presentation
25% (deadly too, 50% dead in 2 years)
superficial bladder cancers are costly because?
they recur frequently, and thus require costly monitoring
who is most likely to get bladder cancer?
in the US, white males (but in Med/N Africa all has to do with who gets schisto)
cytoscopic appearance of bladder cancer
prondular or broccoli-like
invasive bladder cancer is associated with chromosome ____ abnormalities, while superficial is assoc with chromosome ____
17; 9
symptoms of bladder cancer
hematuria + irritative voiding sx
diagnosis of bladder cancer
cystoscopy (through urethra), urine cytology, CT urogram, TURBT
tx of superficial bladder cancer
TURBT +/- intravesicular therapy
tx of muscle-invasive bladder cancer
cystectomy + urinary diversion (chemo before may improve survival)
dx of upper tract urothelial carcinoma
CT urogram, cytology, ureteroscopy
tx of upper tract urothelial carcinoma
nephrourectomy if high grade, partial ureterectomy or laser ablation if low grade and distal
what type of cancer is renal cell?
adenocarcinoma arising from proximal tubule
all types of RCC are associated with loss of control of?
angiogenesis pathways
non-carcinogenic renal tumors
angiomiolipoma, oncocytoma, complex renal cysts
diagnosis of RCC
CT scan with or without contrast shows heterogeneous, enhancing mass
tx of RCC
T1-T3 = partial nephrectomy (unless super large); T4,N+,M+ = anti-VEGF, IL2 tx, +/- nephrectomy
tx of small renal masses
partial nephrectomy, ablation, surveillance
most common solid tumor of young adult men
testicular carcinoma
radiation works well to treat this type of testicular cancer
seminomas
testicular cancer grows (slowly/quickly) and metastasizes to the ______ LN
quickly; retroperitoneal
detection of AFP definitively rules out?
seminomas
4 signs of testicular cancer
painless testicular mass, secondary hydrocele, retroperitoneal mass, hormonal effects (rare)
tx of testicular cancer
radical orchiectomy (ALWAYS) through inguinal incision +/- LN dissection, radiation (seminoma), chemo (platinum-based is curative)
side effects of surviving testicular cancer
infertility, retrograde ejaculation, cosmetic issues, metabolic issues from chemo
penile cancer is related to?
chronic inflammation from hygienic issues, foreskin, infections (like HPV)
penile cancer spreads to the ____ LN
inguinal
tx of penile cancer
ABX to r/o infectious cause of enlarged LNs, partial or complete penectomy, +/- inguinal LN dissection, radiation/CTX for advanced cases with limited efficacy
penile cancer prognosis
80% with localized cancer survive; 30% if LNs involved; 5% if metastatic
