Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Urinary & Renal > Prostate > Flashcards

Prostate Flashcards

1
Q

the two layers of epithelial cells in prostate glands

A

luminal secretory cells (PSA, PAP+); basal cells (HMCK+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the prostate made of other than glands?

A

fibromuscular stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

benign prostatic tissue will stain positive with?

A

HMW keratin (stains basal cells which are absent in malignancies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in which zone do most carcinomas rise? Hyperplasias?

A

peripheral (posterolateral); transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

this hormone is required for prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma

A

DHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

testosterone is converted to DHT by?

A

5 alpha-reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of prostate specimens

A

needle biopsies (dx), transurethral resections (tx obstruction), suprapubic prostatectomy (tx obstruction, leave peripheral zone), radical prostatectomy (tx carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

prostatitis is a (pathological/clinical) diagnosis

A

clinical (rarely biopsied)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

granulomatous prostatitis mimics ____ and is due to?

A

cancer (by increasing PSA); ruptured ducts cause irritation and are walled off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

complications of untreated BPH

A

hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in BPH, glands are?

A

nodular and hyperplastic (and large with lots of white space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BPH treatment

A

usually medical; can do cryo, RF ablation, TURPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prostate cancer is highly prevalent, but most people?

A

die with it rather than of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who has highest prostate cancer death rate in the world

A

African American men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

precurser to prostate cancer

A

prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (proliferation of malignant cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

downsides to PSA screening for prostate cancer

A

lots of false positives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diagnosis of prostate cancer

A

usually needle core biopsies (TURP more often to tx BPH but may incidentally find cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

98% of prostate carcinomas are?

A

adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

microscopic appearance of adenocarcinoma of the prostate

A

small glands, more compact than normal, lack of basal cell layer, prominent nucleoli, PSA+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

histologic grading of prostate cancer is?

A

Gleason score: sum of two most prevalent patterns graded 1-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tx of prostate cancer

A

radical prostatectomy or radiation, pathology evaluates type, grade, and stage of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

common sites of prostate cancer mets

A

regional LNs, bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

common locations of bone mets

A

axial skeleton, ribs, pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do you recognize cancer on a fine needle aspirate?

A

cells stick together (according to Hadler)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

purpose of prostate

A

secrete bacteriocidal fluid into semen to liquify it and activate sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

receptors located in the prostate gland

A

alpha receptors in muscular strome; testosterone/androgen receptors

27
Q

prostatitis is (common/rare) and presents when you are (young/old)

A

common; young

28
Q

four glass test for diagnosis of prostatitis

A

VB1 and VB2 negative (no urethritis or cystitis), EPS and VB3 positive for WBC +/- bacteria (with and after prostatic massage)

29
Q

etiology of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

gram negative rods (usually E coli, also proteus and pseudomonas)

30
Q

clinical presentation of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

fever/chills, pain (pelvic and perineal), urinary sx (dysuria, frequency, retention)

31
Q

physical exam findings of prostatitis

A

suprapubic tenderness; tender, enlarged, boggy prostate

32
Q

diagnostic tests for suspected acute bacterial prostatitis

A

voided urine, don’t do prostate massage bc may cause seeding, consider CT scan to look for abscess

33
Q

tx of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

IV or oral ABX, quinolones work well

34
Q

if an abscess exists, how do you treat it?

A

surgical resection

35
Q

diagnosis of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

post-massage urine culture or EPS shows organ

36
Q

tx of chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

quinolone or sulfa abx for 4-6 weeks! (long time)

37
Q

the most common form of prostatitis is?

A

non-bacterial (pelvic pain syndrome)

38
Q

clinical presentation of non-bacterial prostatitis

A

pain; voiding dysfunction; sexual dysfunction

39
Q

diagnosis of non-bacterial prostatitis

A

rule out bladder or prostate infection with 4-glass test; check residual urine

40
Q

tx of non-bacterial prostatitis

A

lifestyle changes, medicine (anti-inflamm, alpha-blockers, trial of ABX in case)

41
Q

cause of BPH

A

glandular and stromal proliferation in response to DHT levels (embryological awakening)

42
Q

treatment of BPH

A

alpha-blockers (relax muscle in stroma), 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors (block DHT formation and shrink prostate)

43
Q

evaluation of patient presenting with LUTS

A

prostate exam; lab tests (urine, PSA); optional = flow rate, postvoid residual, questionnaires, urodynamics

44
Q

what is the purpose of the urinalysis when evaluating LUTS?

A

rule out infection, DM, cancer

45
Q

complications of LUTS from BPH

A

1/10 develops urinary retention, 1% get stone; some get kidney obstruction

46
Q

LUTS tx

A

drink less natural diuretics, tx contributing dz (DM, no diuretics before bed); meds (alpha blockers or 5 alpha-reductase inh); surgery (TURP, open, ablation/cryo)

47
Q

what is the advantage of radical prostatectomy over minimally invasive ablation or cryo?

A

minimally invasive tx lasts 12-18 months at most

48
Q

side effects of alpha blockers

A

dizziness, retrograde ejaculation

49
Q

side effects of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors

A

mild: gynecomastia, decreased libido, ED; also shrink size of prostate (can be good)

50
Q

side effects of prostate TURP

A

surgical bleeding, intraop fluid absorption (not with isotonic fluid), retrograde ejaculation, urinary incontinence

51
Q

risk factors for prostate cancer

A

age (exponential after 50), ethnicity (black), fam hx (early dx), geographic variation (NA, europe, austr), ?high fat diet, ?hormone balance

52
Q

FDA currently advises against use of ____ for prevention

A

finasteride

53
Q

what % of prostate cancer is familial?

A

10% (depends on how many relatives you have with it)

54
Q

symptoms of prostate cancer

A

only occur once it has started to spread; local spread = voiding sx; mets = bony pain

55
Q

the majority of prostate cancer is?

A

clinically unimportant, not diagnosed

56
Q

prostate cancer screening

A

digital rectal exam & PSA blood test

57
Q

worrisome findings on digital rectal exam

A

nodular, indurated, loss of sulcus, loss of lateral borders, fixed to pelvic wall

58
Q

PSA elevation could indicate?

A

CANCER, BPH, prostatitis, prostate infact (RARE)

59
Q

transrectal ultrasound is used to?

A

image prostate and direct prostate needle biopsy

60
Q

tx of clinically localized prostate cancer

A

active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, or radiation (external beam or radioactive seeds)

61
Q

tx of metastatic prostate cancer

A

start with androgen ablation (medical), chemo (limited response), anti-angiogenic drugs, palliative therapy for bone mets

62
Q

side effects of radical prostatectomy

A

urinary incontinence, ED

63
Q

side effects of radiation on prostate

A

LUTS exacerbated, ED, cystitis (less common)

64
Q

side effects of hormone therapy for prostate cancer

A

hot flashes, loss of libido, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome

Urinary & Renal (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions