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1. AUBF LEC > Urine Microscopic Exam > Flashcards

Urine Microscopic Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Its purpose is to detect and to identify insoluble materials present in the urine

A

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

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2
Q

all of these contribute formed elements to the urine

A

blood, kidney, lower genitourinary tract, and external contamination

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3
Q

A standard amount of urine, usually between

A

10 and 15 mL

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4
Q

volume that is frequently used because multiparameter reagent strips are easily immersed in this volume, and capped centrifuge tubes are often calibrated to this volume.

A

12-mL volume

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5
Q

Centrifuge speed and time fpr optimum amount of sediment with the least chance of damaging the elements to correct for differences in the diameter of centrifuge heads

A

5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 400

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6
Q

A uniform amount of urine and sediment should remain in the tube after decantation (how much volume?)

A

0.5 amd 1 mL

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7
Q

When using the conventional glass-slide method, the recommended volume is ______ covered by a ___ mm glass cover slip.

A

20μL(0.02mL)
22×22

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8
Q

they represent normal sloughing of old cells.

A

Epithelial cells

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9
Q

Three types of epithelial cells are seen in urine

A

squamous, transitional (urothelial), and renal tubular

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10
Q

largest cells found in the urine sediment

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

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11
Q

They contain abundant, irregular cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus about the size of an RBC .

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

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12
Q

They are often the first structures observed when the urine sediment is examined under low-power magnification

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

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13
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells commonly reported in terms of?

A

RFMM/LPF

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14
Q

originate from the linings of the vagina and female urethra and the lower portion of the male urethra.

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

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15
Q

They represent normal cellular sloughing and have no pathologic significance.

A

Squamous Epithelial Cells

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16
Q

Clue cells - indicative of vaginal infection by the bacterium?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

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17
Q

indicative of vaginal infection by the bacterium Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Clue cells

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18
Q

smaller than squamous cells and appear in several forms, including spherical, polyhedral, and caudate.

A

Transitional EC

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19
Q

Transitional EC appear in several forms including?

A

Spherical
polyhedral
caudate

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20
Q

Transitional EC commonly reported in terms of?

A

RFMM/HPF

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21
Q

originate from the lining of the renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, and bladder, and from the upper portion of the male urethra.

A

Transitional EC

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22
Q

They are usually present in small numbers in normal urine, representing normal cellular sloughing. Increased numbers of these seen singly, in pairs, or in clumps (syncytia) are present following invasive urologic procedures such as catheterization and are of no clinical significance.

A

Transitional EC

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23
Q

microscope Used for routine urinalysis

A

bright field microscopy

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24
Q

microscope used for Enhances visualization of elements
with low refractive indices, such
as hyaline casts, mixed cellular
casts, mucous threads, and
Trichomonas

A

Phase-contrast
microscopy

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25
Q

microscope that Aids in identification of cholesterol
in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and
crystals

A

Polarizing
microscopy

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26
Q

microscope that Aids in identification of Treponema
pallidum

A

Dark-field
microscopy

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27
Q

microscope that Allows visualization of naturally
fluorescent microorganisms or
those stained by a fluorescent
dye including labeled antigens
and antibodies

A

Fluorescence
microscopy

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28
Q

microscope that Produces a three-dimensional
microscopy image and layer
by-layer imaging of a specimen

A

Interference
contrast

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29
Q

often present as a result of tissue destruction (necrosis), the nucleus is not easily visible in unstained sediment.

A

Renal tubular epithelial cells

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30
Q

RTE cells are commonly reported as?

A

RFMM/HPF

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31
Q

The presence of more than two RTE cells per high-power field indicates

A

tubular injury

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32
Q

RTE cells absorb lipids that are present in the glomerular filtrate. They then appear highly refractile, and the nucleus may be more difficult to observe. They are usually seen in conjunction with free-floating fat droplets

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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33
Q

Identification of oval fat bodies is confirmed by staining the urine sediment with _____ fat stains and examining the sediment using polarized microscopy.

A

Sudan III or Oil Red O

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34
Q

appear as smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks measuring approximately 7 mm in diameter They must be identified using high-power (40×) objective (×400 magnification).

A

Red blood cells

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35
Q

RBCs are routinely reported as the

A

average number/10 hpfs

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36
Q

In concentrated (hypersthenuric) urine, the cells shrink due to loss of water and may appear

A

crenated or irregularly shaped.

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37
Q

In dilute (hyposthenuria) urine, the cells absorb water, swell, and lyse rapidly, releasing their hemoglobin and leaving only the cell membrane. These large empty cells are called _____ and can be easily missed if specimens are not examined under reduced light.

A

ghost cells

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38
Q

RBCs are frequently confused with ___

A

yeast cells, oil droplets, and air bubbles

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39
Q

RBCs that vary in size, have cellular protrusions, or are fragmented are termed _____ and have been associated primarily with glomerular bleeding.

A

dysmorphic

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40
Q

characterized by numerous small spiny projections

A

crenated erythrocytes

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41
Q

The predominant WBC found in the urine sediment is the

A

neutrophil

42
Q

Neutrophils exposed to hypotonic urine absorb water and swell. Brownian movement of the granules within these larger cells produces a sparkling appearance, and they are referred to as

A

glitter cells

43
Q

Sternheimer - Malbin stain =_____

A

stain light blue

44
Q

The presence of urinary eosinophils is primarily associated with drug-induced ______

A

interstitial nephritis

45
Q

Small numbers of eosinophils may be seen with ____ and ______

A

UTI
renal transplant rejection

46
Q

An increase in urinary WBCs is called

A

pyuria

47
Q

frequent causes of pyuria.

A

pyelonephritis, cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis

48
Q

WBC commonly reported as

A

average numbe/hpf

49
Q

usually present as a result of vaginal, urethral, external genitalia, or collection-container contamination

A

bacteria

50
Q

bacteria commonly reported as

A

FMM/hpf

51
Q

lower UTI termed as

A

cytitis

52
Q

upper UTI termed as

A

Pyelonephritis

53
Q

small, refractile oval structures that may or may not contain a bud. In severe infections, they may appear as branched, mycelial forms

A

Yeast

54
Q

Yeast cells are reported as

A

RFMM/HPF

55
Q

Yeast cells, primarily _____, are seen in the urine of diabetic patients, immunocompromised patients, and women with vaginal moniliasis

A

Candida albicans

56
Q

Trichomonas reported as

A

RFMM/hpf

57
Q

parasite associated with bladder cancer

A

Schistosoma haematobium

58
Q

parasite assocuated with fecal contaminant

A

Enterobius veremicularis

59
Q

easily identified in the urine sediment by their oval, slightly tapered heads and long, flagella-like tails

A

Spermatozoa

60
Q

occasionally found in the urine of both men and women following sexual intercourse, masturbation, or nocturnal emission.

A

Spermatozoa

61
Q

a major constituent of mucus

A

uromodulin

62
Q

a glycoprotein excreted by the RTE cells of the distal convoluted tubules and upper collecting ducts.

A

uromodulin

63
Q

appears microscopically as thread-like structures with a low refractive index.

A

Mucus

64
Q

Mucus threads are reported as

A

RFMM/hpf

65
Q

more frequently present in female urine specimens. It has no clinical significance when present in either female or male urine.

A

mucus

66
Q

are the only elements found in the urinary sediment that are unique to the kidney

A

Casts

67
Q

They are formed within the lumens of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, providing a microscopic view of conditions within the nephron

A

Casts

68
Q

Their shape is representative of the tubular lumen, with parallel sides and somewhat rounded ends, and they may contain additional elements present in the filtrate.

A

Casts

69
Q

Hyalin cast reported as

A

Average number/lpf

70
Q

Rbc cast reported as

A

average number/lpf

71
Q

WBC cast reported as

A

average number/lpf

72
Q

formed by the precipitation of urine solutes, including inorganic salts, organic compounds, and medications (iatrogenic compounds).

A

Crystals

73
Q

Normal urinary crystals

A

Uric acid
amorphous urates
Calcium ixalate
amorphous phosphates
calcium phosphates
triple phosphate
ammonium biurate
calcium carbonate

74
Q

Urice acid pH and Color

A

acid
yellow brown (rosettes, wedges)

75
Q

Amorphous urates pH and color

A

acid
brick dust or yellow

76
Q

Calcium oxalate

A

acid/neutral
colorless (envelopes, oval, dumbell)

77
Q

Amorphous phosphates pH and color

A

alkaline/neutral
white-colorless

78
Q

calcium phosphate pH and color

A

alkaline/neutral
colorless

79
Q

triple phosphate pH and color

A

alkaline
colorless (coffin lids)

80
Q

Ammonium biurate pH and color

A

alkaline
yellow-brown (thorny apples)

81
Q

calcium carbonate pH and color

A

alkaline
colorless (dumbells)

82
Q

abnormal urine crystals

A

Cystine
cholesterol
leucine
tyrosine
bilirubin
sulfonamides
radiographic dye
ampicillin

83
Q

Cysteine pH, color and disorders

A

acid
colorless (hexgonal plates)
inherited cystinuria

84
Q

cholesterol pH, color and disorders

A

ACid
Colorless (notched platees)
nephrotic syndrome

85
Q

leucine pH, color and disorders

A

acid/neutral
yellow (concentric circles)
liver disease

86
Q

tyrosine pH, color and disorders

A

acid/neutral
colorless-yellow (needles)
liver disease

87
Q

bilirubin pH, color and disorders

A

acid
yellow
liver disease

88
Q

sulfonamides pH, color and disorders

A

acid/neutral
varied
infection treatment

89
Q

radiographic dye pH, color and disorders

A

acid
colorless (flat plates)
radiographic procedure

90
Q

ampicillin pH, color and disorders

A

acid/neitral
colorless (needles)
infection treatment

91
Q

The most frequently seen cast

A

hyaline cast

92
Q

the presence of
urinary casts is termed

A

cylindruria

93
Q

most common crystals seen in acidic urine

A

urates
(amorphous urates, uric acid, acid urates, sodium urates)

94
Q

The most common form of calcium oxalate
crystals is the _____ that is easily recognized as a colorless,
octahedral envelope or as two pyramids joined at their bases

A

dihydrate calcium oxalate

95
Q

represent the majority of the crystals seen in
alkaline urine

A

phosphates
(amorphous phosphate, triple phosphate, calcium phosphate)

96
Q

they are easily identified by their prism shape that fre
quently resembles a “coffin lid

A

Triple phosphate (ammonium magnesium phosphate)

97
Q

crystals that is found in the urine of persons who inherit
a metabolic disorder that prevents reabsorption of ____ by
the renal tubules (cystinuria).

A

cystine crystals

98
Q

They are associated with disor
ders producing lipiduria, such as the nephrotic syndrome, and
are seen in conjunction with fatty casts and oval fat bodies.

A

cholesterol crystals

99
Q

crystals associated with liver disorder

A

leucine
tyrosine
bilirubin

100
Q

most frequently encountered artifacts include

A

starch
oil droplets
air bubbles
pollen grains
fibers
fecal contamination

1. AUBF LEC (5 decks)

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