Urine Chemical Examination Flashcards
1
Q
Reading time of leukocytes
A
120s
2
Q
Reading time of nitrite
A
60s
3
Q
Reading time of protein
A
60s
4
Q
Reading time of urobilinogen
A
60s
5
Q
Reading time of pH
A
60s
6
Q
Reading time of blood
A
60s
7
Q
Reading time of SG
A
45s
8
Q
Reading time of ascorbate
A
40s
9
Q
Reading time of ketone
A
40s
10
Q
Reading time of bilirubin
A
30s
11
Q
Reading time of glucose
A
30s
12
Q
Healthy individual usually produces a first morning specimen with a slightly acidic pH of
A
5.0.-6.0
13
Q
a more alkaline pH is found following ?
A
meals (alkaline tide)
14
Q
The pH of normal random samples can range from
A
4.5-8.0
15
Q
pH above ____ is associated with an improperly preserved specimen and indicates that a fresh specimen should be obtained to ensure the validity of the analysis.
A
8.5
16
Q
Causes of acid urine
A
emphysema
DM
starvation
dehydration
diarrhea
presence of acid-producing bacteria
high-protein diet
cranberry juice
medications
17
Q
Causes of alkaline urine
A
hyperventilation
vomitting
renal tubular acidosis
presense of urease-producing bacteria
vegetarian diet
old specimens
18
Q
reagent strip REAGENT
A
methyl red
bromthymol blue
19
Q
the major serum protein found in normal urine.
A
albumin
20
Q
Normal urine contains very little protein: usually, less than _______ or 100 mg per 24 hours is excreted.
A
10 mg/dL
21
Q
Other proteins include small amounts of
A
serum and tubular microglobulins
22
Q
The causes of proteinuria are varied and can be grouped into three major categories:
A
pre-renal
renal
post-renal
23
Q
caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney and, therefore, is not indicative of actual renal disease.
A
pre-renal
24
Q
This condition is frequently transient, caused by increased levels of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the acute phase reactants associated with infection and inflammation.
A
pre-renal
25
pre renal condition is frequently transient, caused by increased levels of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins such as ____, _____and the ________ associated with _______ and ______
hemoglobin, myoglobin,
acute phase reactants
infection and inflammation.
26
seen with people with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones Protein
27
associated with true renal disease may be the result of either glomerular or tubular damage.
Renal-proteinuria
28
Bence jones protein coagulates at temperatures between
40C and 60C
29
protein jones protein disolves as temperature reaches
100C
30
Proteinuria that occurs during the latter months of pregnancy may indicate a __________ and should be considered by the physician in conjunction with other clinical symptoms, such as hypertension, to determine if this condition exists.
pre-eclamptic state
31
When the glomerular membrane is damaged, selective filtration is impaired, and increased amounts of serum protein and even tually red and white blood cells pass through the membrane and are excreted in the urine. Conditions that present the glomerular membrane with abnormal substances (e.g., amyloid material, toxic substances, and the immune complexes found in lupus erythematosus and streptococcal glomerulonephritis) are major causes of proteinuria due to glomerular damage
GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA
32
is usually transient and can be produced by conditions such as strenuous exercise, high fever, dehydration, and exposure to cold.
Benign Proteinuria
33
Onset of renal complications can first be predicted by detection of ______, and the progression of renal disease can be prevented through better stabilization of blood glucose levels and control of hypertension.
microalbuminuria
34
Diabetic nephropathy
microalbuminuria
35
also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
microalbuminuria
36
Postural proteinuria aka
Orthostatic proteinuria
37
occurs following periods spent in a vertical posture and disappears when a horizontal position is assumed
Orthostatic proteinuria
38
Increased albumin is also present in disorders affecting tubular reabsorption because the normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed. Other low-molecular-weight proteins that are usually reabsorbed are also present. Causes of ________ include exposure to toxic substances and heavy metals, severe viral infections, and Fanconi syndrome
Tubular proteinuria
39
Protein can be added to a urine specimen as it passes through the structures of the lower urinary tract (ureters, bladder, ure- thra, prostate, and vagina). Bacterial and fungal infections and inflammations produce exudates containing protein from the interstitial fluid. The presence of blood as the result of injury or menstrual contamination contributes protein, as does the presence of prostatic fluid and large amounts of spermatozoa.
Post-renal
40
Intravascular hemolysis
muscle injury
acute phase reactants
multiple myeloma
Are clinical significance of protein in?
Pre renal
41
Glormerular disorders
immune complex disorders
amyloidosis
toxic reagents
deiabetic nephropaty (microalbuminuria)
strenous exercise
dehydration
hypertension
pre-eclampsia
orthostatic or postural proteinuria
Are clinical significance of protein in?
Renal
42
Fanconi sydrome
toxic reagents/heavy metals
severe viral infections
Are clinical significance of protein in?
Tubular disorders
43
Lower UTI/inflammation
Injury/trauma
Menstrual contamination
Prostatic fluid/spermatozoa
vaginal secretions
Are clinical significance of protein in?
Post renal
44
Protein reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip
Tetrabromophenol blue
3'-tetrachlorophenol
45
detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
glucose test
46
glucose reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip
glucose oxidase
peroxidase
Multi: potassium iodide
Chem: tetramethylbenzidine
47
The test relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat.
Copper Reduction Test
48
color of urine in glucose test strip
chromogen colored
49
color of urine in copper reduction test
blue/green -> orange/red
50
The classic Benedict solution was developed in
1908
51
Benedict solution contained what buffers
copper sulfate
sodium carbonate
sodium citrate
52
three intermediate products of fat metabolism, namely, acetone (2%), acetoacetic acid (20%), and β -hydroxybutyrate (78%).
ketones
53
shows a deficiency in insulin, indicating the need to regulate dosage.
ketonuria
54
It is often an early indicator of insufficient insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes and in patients with diabetes who experience medical problems in addition to diabetes.
ketonuria
55
Ketone reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip
sodium nitroprusside
glycine (chemstrip)
56
color of urine in ketone test
purple
57
produces a cloudy red urine
hematuria
58
appears as a clear red specimen
hemoglobinuria
59
is most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or damage to the organs of these systems.
hematuria
60
may result from the lysis of red blood cells produced in the urinary tract, particularly in dilute, alkaline urine. It also may result from intravascular hemolysis and the subsequent filtering of hemoglobin through the glomerulus.
hemoglobinuria
61
a heme-containing protein found in muscle tissue, not only reacts positively with the reagent strip test for blood but also produces a CLEAR RED-BROWN urine.
myoglobinuria
62
Blood reagent strip reagents multistrip and chemstrip
diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide
dimethyldihydroperoxy-hexane
63
color of reagent strip for blood reagent strip
chromogen
64
urine can provide an early indication of liver disease. It is often detected long before the patient exhibits jaundice
bilirubin
65
a highly pigmented yellow compound, is a degradation product of hemoglobin
bilirubin
66
liberated hemoglobin broken down into its component parts (what are the component parts?)
iron
protein
protoporphyrin
67
Routine testing for urinary bilirubin by reagent strip uses the princple?
diazo reaction
68
bilirubin reagent strip urine color
azodye
69
bilirubin reagent strip reagents multi and chemstrip
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
2,6-dicholorobenze diazonium salt
70
Confirmatory test for bilirubin
Icto test
71
appears in the urine because, as it circulates in the blood back to the liver, it passes through the kidney and is filtered by the glomerulus
Urobilinogen
72
(unit) is normally found in the urine.
ehrlich unit
73
provides a rapid screening test for the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)
nitrite
74
nitrite reagent strip reagents
multi and chemstrip
p-arsanilic acid
sulfanilamide
75
principle of nitrite reagent strip
greiss reaction
76
color of urine strip in nitrite
pink azodye
77
it detects the presence of leukocytes that have been lysed, particularly in dilute alkaline urine, and would not appear in the microscopic examination.
Leukocyte esterase
78
Leukocyte esterase reagent urine strip color produces?
pruple azodye
79
Leukocyte esterase reagent strip
multi and chemstrip
derivatized pyrrole amino acid ester diazonium salt
indoxycarbonic acid ester diazonium salt
