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1. AUBF LEC > Urine Chemical Examination > Flashcards

Urine Chemical Examination Flashcards

1
Q

Reading time of leukocytes

A

120s

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2
Q

Reading time of nitrite

A

60s

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3
Q

Reading time of protein

A

60s

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4
Q

Reading time of urobilinogen

A

60s

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5
Q

Reading time of pH

A

60s

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6
Q

Reading time of blood

A

60s

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7
Q

Reading time of SG

A

45s

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8
Q

Reading time of ascorbate

A

40s

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9
Q

Reading time of ketone

A

40s

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10
Q

Reading time of bilirubin

A

30s

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11
Q

Reading time of glucose

A

30s

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12
Q

Healthy individual usually produces a first morning specimen with a slightly acidic pH of

A

5.0.-6.0

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13
Q

a more alkaline pH is found following ?

A

meals (alkaline tide)

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14
Q

The pH of normal random samples can range from

A

4.5-8.0

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15
Q

pH above ____ is associated with an improperly preserved specimen and indicates that a fresh specimen should be obtained to ensure the validity of the analysis.

A

8.5

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16
Q

Causes of acid urine

A

emphysema
DM
starvation
dehydration
diarrhea
presence of acid-producing bacteria
high-protein diet
cranberry juice
medications

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17
Q

Causes of alkaline urine

A

hyperventilation
vomitting
renal tubular acidosis
presense of urease-producing bacteria
vegetarian diet
old specimens

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18
Q

reagent strip REAGENT

A

methyl red
bromthymol blue

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19
Q

the major serum protein found in normal urine.

A

albumin

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20
Q

Normal urine contains very little protein: usually, less than _______ or 100 mg per 24 hours is excreted.

A

10 mg/dL

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21
Q

Other proteins include small amounts of

A

serum and tubular microglobulins

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22
Q

The causes of proteinuria are varied and can be grouped into three major categories:

A

pre-renal
renal
post-renal

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23
Q

caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney and, therefore, is not indicative of actual renal disease.

A

pre-renal

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24
Q

This condition is frequently transient, caused by increased levels of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the acute phase reactants associated with infection and inflammation.

A

pre-renal

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25
Q

pre renal condition is frequently transient, caused by increased levels of low-molecular-weight plasma proteins such as ____, _____and the ________ associated with _______ and ______

A

hemoglobin, myoglobin,
acute phase reactants
infection and inflammation.

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26
Q

seen with people with multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones Protein

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27
Q

associated with true renal disease may be the result of either glomerular or tubular damage.

A

Renal-proteinuria

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28
Q

Bence jones protein coagulates at temperatures between

A

40C and 60C

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29
Q

protein jones protein disolves as temperature reaches

A

100C

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30
Q

Proteinuria that occurs during the latter months of pregnancy may indicate a __________ and should be considered by the physician in conjunction with other clinical symptoms, such as hypertension, to determine if this condition exists.

A

pre-eclamptic state

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31
Q

When the glomerular membrane is damaged, selective filtration is impaired, and increased amounts of serum protein and even tually red and white blood cells pass through the membrane and are excreted in the urine. Conditions that present the glomerular membrane with abnormal substances (e.g., amyloid material, toxic substances, and the immune complexes found in lupus erythematosus and streptococcal glomerulonephritis) are major causes of proteinuria due to glomerular damage

A

GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA

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32
Q

is usually transient and can be produced by conditions such as strenuous exercise, high fever, dehydration, and exposure to cold.

A

Benign Proteinuria

33
Q

Onset of renal complications can first be predicted by detection of ______, and the progression of renal disease can be prevented through better stabilization of blood glucose levels and control of hypertension.

A

microalbuminuria

34
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

microalbuminuria

35
Q

also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

microalbuminuria

36
Q

Postural proteinuria aka

A

Orthostatic proteinuria

37
Q

occurs following periods spent in a vertical posture and disappears when a horizontal position is assumed

A

Orthostatic proteinuria

38
Q

Increased albumin is also present in disorders affecting tubular reabsorption because the normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed. Other low-molecular-weight proteins that are usually reabsorbed are also present. Causes of ________ include exposure to toxic substances and heavy metals, severe viral infections, and Fanconi syndrome

A

Tubular proteinuria

39
Q

Protein can be added to a urine specimen as it passes through the structures of the lower urinary tract (ureters, bladder, ure- thra, prostate, and vagina). Bacterial and fungal infections and inflammations produce exudates containing protein from the interstitial fluid. The presence of blood as the result of injury or menstrual contamination contributes protein, as does the presence of prostatic fluid and large amounts of spermatozoa.

A

Post-renal

40
Q

Intravascular hemolysis
muscle injury
acute phase reactants
multiple myeloma

Are clinical significance of protein in?

A

Pre renal

41
Q

Glormerular disorders
immune complex disorders
amyloidosis
toxic reagents
deiabetic nephropaty (microalbuminuria)
strenous exercise
dehydration
hypertension
pre-eclampsia
orthostatic or postural proteinuria

Are clinical significance of protein in?

A

Renal

42
Q

Fanconi sydrome
toxic reagents/heavy metals
severe viral infections

Are clinical significance of protein in?

A

Tubular disorders

43
Q

Lower UTI/inflammation
Injury/trauma
Menstrual contamination
Prostatic fluid/spermatozoa
vaginal secretions

Are clinical significance of protein in?

A

Post renal

44
Q

Protein reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip

A

Tetrabromophenol blue
3’-tetrachlorophenol

45
Q

detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus

A

glucose test

46
Q

glucose reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip

A

glucose oxidase
peroxidase
Multi: potassium iodide
Chem: tetramethylbenzidine

47
Q

The test relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat.

A

Copper Reduction Test

48
Q

color of urine in glucose test strip

A

chromogen colored

49
Q

color of urine in copper reduction test

A

blue/green -> orange/red

50
Q

The classic Benedict solution was developed in

A

1908

51
Q

Benedict solution contained what buffers

A

copper sulfate
sodium carbonate
sodium citrate

52
Q

three intermediate products of fat metabolism, namely, acetone (2%), acetoacetic acid (20%), and β -hydroxybutyrate (78%).

A

ketones

53
Q

shows a deficiency in insulin, indicating the need to regulate dosage.

A

ketonuria

54
Q

It is often an early indicator of insufficient insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes and in patients with diabetes who experience medical problems in addition to diabetes.

A

ketonuria

55
Q

Ketone reagent strip reagents multistix and chemstrip

A

sodium nitroprusside
glycine (chemstrip)

56
Q

color of urine in ketone test

A

purple

57
Q

produces a cloudy red urine

A

hematuria

58
Q

appears as a clear red specimen

A

hemoglobinuria

59
Q

is most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin in which bleeding is the result of trauma or damage to the organs of these systems.

A

hematuria

60
Q

may result from the lysis of red blood cells produced in the urinary tract, particularly in dilute, alkaline urine. It also may result from intravascular hemolysis and the subsequent filtering of hemoglobin through the glomerulus.

A

hemoglobinuria

61
Q

a heme-containing protein found in muscle tissue, not only reacts positively with the reagent strip test for blood but also produces a CLEAR RED-BROWN urine.

A

myoglobinuria

62
Q

Blood reagent strip reagents multistrip and chemstrip

A

diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide

dimethyldihydroperoxy-hexane

63
Q

color of reagent strip for blood reagent strip

A

chromogen

64
Q

urine can provide an early indication of liver disease. It is often detected long before the patient exhibits jaundice

A

bilirubin

65
Q

a highly pigmented yellow compound, is a degradation product of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

66
Q

liberated hemoglobin broken down into its component parts (what are the component parts?)

A

iron
protein
protoporphyrin

67
Q

Routine testing for urinary bilirubin by reagent strip uses the princple?

A

diazo reaction

68
Q

bilirubin reagent strip urine color

A

azodye

69
Q

bilirubin reagent strip reagents multi and chemstrip

A

2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
2,6-dicholorobenze diazonium salt

70
Q

Confirmatory test for bilirubin

A

Icto test

71
Q

appears in the urine because, as it circulates in the blood back to the liver, it passes through the kidney and is filtered by the glomerulus

A

Urobilinogen

72
Q

(unit) is normally found in the urine.

A

ehrlich unit

73
Q

provides a rapid screening test for the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

nitrite

74
Q

nitrite reagent strip reagents
multi and chemstrip

A

p-arsanilic acid
sulfanilamide

75
Q

principle of nitrite reagent strip

A

greiss reaction

76
Q

color of urine strip in nitrite

A

pink azodye

77
Q

it detects the presence of leukocytes that have been lysed, particularly in dilute alkaline urine, and would not appear in the microscopic examination.

A

Leukocyte esterase

78
Q

Leukocyte esterase reagent urine strip color produces?

A

pruple azodye

79
Q

Leukocyte esterase reagent strip
multi and chemstrip

A

derivatized pyrrole amino acid ester diazonium salt
indoxycarbonic acid ester diazonium salt

1. AUBF LEC (5 decks)

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