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Veterinary Diagnostic Techniques > Urine Collection > Flashcards

Urine Collection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal volumes of urine produced by dogs and cats?

A

Dog and cat:
1-2ml/kg/hr or 24-48ml/kg/day

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2
Q

Why is urine tested?

A

Urinary crystals
Protein
Glucose
Blood
Specific Gravity

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3
Q

Why is urine often first to be checked?

A

Non invasive
Simple and quick
Effective
Can lead to further testing
Check for conditions

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4
Q

What equipment is needed to collect a urine sample for owners?

A

Urinary sample tube
Collection pot/container that’s clean
Catheter
PPE - gloves
Lead
Choose the patients ideal environment - grass, tree, favourite area in house etc.

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5
Q

What equipment is needed for urine collection in practice?

A

Gloves
Clean collection tray
Sterile sample pot
Needle and syringe
Clippers and skin separation
Ultrasound/gel
Catheter and sterile lube

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6
Q

How should a urine sample be stored once collected?

A

Ideally examined immediately after collection.
Examined within 1 hour if not refrigerated.
Examined within 6 hours if refrigerated.

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7
Q

How would you preserve a urine sample for urinalysis?

A

Rapid transport or measures to preserve the sample are vital for reliable results and diagnosis

Refrigerate urine sample –recommended for up to 24 hrs post collection

Boric acid- at 0.1-0.2% it will hold the urine sample steady for 48-96hrs post collection.

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8
Q

What are the advantages of taking a free flow urine sample?

A

Non-invasive
Non-traumatic
Cheap
Owners can do it at home
Sterile
Easy to do

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking a free flow urine sample?

A

Hard to collect
Challenging
Urethral contamination
Time consuming - got to wait until patient pees to obtain sample

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10
Q

What is manual expression of the bladder?

A

Done by veterinary surgeon or nurse, gently and steadily palpating the bladder. Patient normally in lateral recumbency. Should never be used in patients with suspected urethra obstruction. Vulva and prepuce should be cleaned before procedure starts.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of manual expression of the bladder?

A

Cheap
Easy to perform
Can get sample quickly if sufficient urine
No sedation or GA required

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of manual expression of the bladder?

A

Uncomfortable for patient
Risk of rupturing the bladder
Non-sterile
Must be sufficient amount of urine in bladder

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13
Q

What is urethral catheter?

A

Provide a more sterile sample involves placing a polypropylene or rubber catheter within the bladder via the urethra.
Variety of different catheters available for sex and species.
A sterile method should be used to for the procedure, sterile catheter and gloves used.

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14
Q

What are the advantages of urethral catheters?

A

Sterile
Quick sample
Can keep the catheter in for a while

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of urethral catheters?

A

Invasive
Can cause trauma
Requires sedation or GA
More expensive for owners

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16
Q

What is Cytocentesis?

A

Involves passing a sterile needle (22-20g 1-1.5inch) through the abdominal wall into the bladder.
Strict asepsis must be adhered to (patient must be clipped and the area cleaned with a skin detergent and surgical spirit.)
It is a relatively quick method of obtaining a sterile sample.
The patient -rarely needs anaesthetised or sedated as they tolerate this quite well. There must be sufficient urine in the bladder for this to be effective, but it can result in blood contamination of the sample.

17
Q

What is analysed during urinalysis?

A

Ph
Microscopy for sediment and crystals
Specific Gravity
Glucose
Proteins
Blood
Nitrates
Bilirubin
Ketones
Urobilinogen
Bacterial cells
Mucus
Yeast/fungus
Physical characteristics

18
Q

What colour urine indicates what?

A

Normal urine is pale yellow.

Clear urine – usually dilute and indicates poldipsia/polyuria

Dark yellow/orange/brown urine – usually more concentrated and indicates dehydration.

Green/yellow. If, on shaking, there is a greenish foam on the surface this indicates biliverdin (oxidation of bilirubin)

Brown/red/black urine – indicates haematuria or certain drugs have been used.

Blue/green urine .Some drugs alter the colour of urine as does beetroot.

19
Q

What is turbidity?

A

How transparent the urine is.
Normal urine is clear. However, it will go cloudy on standing.

20
Q

What may cause turbidity?

A

Red blood cells
Crystals or casts
Epithelial cells
Bacteria
Yeast
Fungi

21
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

Specific gravity of urine is an indication of its weight compared to distilled water.

SG depends on number and molecular weight of solutes dissolved in the urine.

SG reading should always be taken with a refractometer.

22
Q

What are the normal specific gravity values in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs: 1.015 - 1.045

Cats: 1.020 - 1.040

23
Q

What may cause a decrease in specific gravity?

A

Polydipsia
Chronic renal failure
Diabetes insipidus
IV Fluid therapy
Corticosteroid treatment
Pyometra

24
Q

What may cause an increase in specific gravity?

A

Dehydration
Acute renal failure
Diabetes mellitus
Shock
Sediment eg: crystals
Haemorrhage

25
Q

What is the renal threshold in dogs?

A

170-180mg/dl

26
Q

Why may there be glucose in urine?

A

Glucosuria will only show when blood glucose level increases pasts the renal threshold.

Increased levels may indicate:
Stress
Excitement
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Cushings disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
After high doses of cortisol
After dextrose – saline infusions

27
Q

What are the normal pH levels in dogs and cats urine?

A

Dogs - 5-7 - slightly acidic

Cats - 7-9 - slightly alkaline

28
Q

What causes an increase in pH?

A

Excitement or stress
Alkalosis (excess alkali in blood)
High fibre diets
Infection of urinary tract
Urine retention

29
Q

What causes a decrease in pH?

A

Fever
Starvation
High protein diet
Acidosis (excess acid in blood)
Excessive muscular activity
Certain drugs

Veterinary Diagnostic Techniques (17 decks)

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