Urine Flashcards
pigment that gives urine its characteristic yellow color
urochrome (urobilin)
3 pathologic conditions that may cause WHITE urine
chyle (milky body composed of lymph, emulsified fats or free FA)
lipids
pyuria (many WBCs)
2 non pathologic conditions for WHITE urine
phosphates
vaginal creams
2 pathologic conditions that may cause yellow to amber/orange urine color
urobilin (excessive)
bilirubin
4 non-pathologic conditions that cause yellow to amber/orange urine color
carrots
concentrated foods
food color
B vit complex
2 pathologic causes for yellow to green urine
biliverdin
bilirubin
4 pathologic causes for red/pink urine
RBCs
hemoglobin
myoglobin
porphyrin
2 non-pathologic causes for red/pink urine
beets
food color
1 pathologic condition for red/purple urine color
porphyrin
2 pathologic conditions for red/brown urine
methemoglobin
myoglobin
5 pathologic conditions for brown to black urine
bilirubin methemoglobin myoglobin melanin homogentistic acid (alkapton)
1 non-pathologic condition for brown to black urine
iron compounds
2 pathologic conditions for blue to green urine
biliverdin
pseudomonas infxn
3 non-pathologic conditions for blue to green urine
vit B12
thymole
diuretic therapy
if clarity of urine has a white color, may indicate
amorphous phosphate precipitate
if clarity of urine has a pink color (uroerythrin), may indicate
amorphous urate precipitate
cloudy urine may be due to:
leukocytes
bacteria
epithelial cells
hazy urine may be due to:
mucus
smoky/turbin urine may be due to:
RBCs
milky urine may be due to:
fat
chyle
(2) pathological conditions for clear urine
very dilute
polyuria (DM or DI)
non-pathologic condition for clear urine
over-hydrated
(6) pathological conditions for hazy to cloudy to turbid urine
varying degrees of casts cells crystals and calculi fat microorganisms fecal contamination (?)
(6) non-pathological conditions for hazy to cloudy to turbid urine
creams, lotions crystals mucus radiographic dyes powders fecal contamination (?)
pathologic causes for foamy urine
significant amounts of protein (kidney disease)
UTI
fistula from colon to bladder
non-pathologic causes for foamy urine
rapid urination
toilet cleaner
sweet or fruity urine
ketones
pungent urine
bacteria (ammonia)
maple syrup urine
AA
musty or mousy urine of an infant
phenylketonuria
rancid buttery/fishy urine
hypermethioninemia
stronger ammonia urine
dehydration
ratio of WEIGHT of a volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature
urine specific gravity
urine specific gravity is used to measure:
concentrating and diluting ability of kidney
_____ ability is one of the first functions to be lost as a result of TUBULAR damage
concentrating
normal specific gravity range
1.003-1.035
___ is used for a true measure of specific gravity; no longer recommended- requires temperature correction
urinometer
ratio of velocity of light in air to velocity of light in solution, using Total Solids (TS) meter
refractive index
refractive index varies with _____, but the TS meter is temperature-compensated for temperatures btwn _____ degrees F (so requires no corrections in the range)
temperature
60-100 F
specific gravity reagent strips measure change in _____, specifically change in ______ in relation to ionic concentration; more ions = more ____
pH
polyelectrolytes
acidic
measures total solute concentration, but depends on # of PARTICLES in solution
urine osmolality
____ is better indicator of concentrating and diluting abilities of kidney, because it is unaffected by density of solutes
osmolality
