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UA > Crystals > Flashcards

Crystals Flashcards

1
Q

crystal precipitation after micturition is MC due to:

A

change in temp

change in pH

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2
Q

metabolic disorders may produce crystals: (4)

A

cysteine
leucine
tyrosine
cholesterol

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3
Q

____ light is used for identification of crystals and other anisotropic substances

A

polarized

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4
Q

crystals that are capable of rotating the plane of polarized light , enabling light to pass through the second perpendicular light are considered:

A

optically active

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5
Q

when examining with polarized filter and red compensating filter, crystals are YELLOW when aligned PARALLEL to the slow axis of red compensator; turn BLUE when aligned across direction of polarization

A

negative biofringence (Y-B)

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6
Q

when examining with polarized filter and red compensating filter, crystals are BLUE when aligned PARALLEL to the slow axis of red compensator; turn YELLOW when aligned across direction of polarization

A

positive biofriengence (B-Y)

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7
Q

normal crystal found in ACIDIC urine

A 
uric acid
amorphous urate
sodium urate
calcium oxalate
hippuric acid
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8
Q

crystal formed in urine at less than 5.5

A

uric acid

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9
Q

crystal that is a breakdown of purine nucleotides; usually amber color; vary in size and shape

A

uric acid

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10
Q

high uric acid may be due to: (6)

A 
gout
high purine diet
Lesch- Nyhan syndrome
cancer metastasis
rehabdomyolsis
myeloproliferative disorders
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11
Q

low uric acid levels may be due to (4)

A
  • inability of kidney to get rid of uric acid well
  • chronic glomerulonephritis
  • lead poisoning
  • LT chronic alcohol use
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12
Q

uric acid dissolves in _____; and is INSOLUBLE in (3)

A

alkali solution
alcohol
HCL
acetic acid

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13
Q

amorphous urate MC seen in _____ urine, especially after refrigeration; (4) salts considered amorphous urate

A 
acidic
Ca
Mg
K
Na
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14
Q

precipitate color of amorphous urates

A

pinkish-yellow or yellow-brown

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15
Q

crystal found in pH of 6.8-7

A

sodium urate

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16
Q

characteristics of sodium urate

A

colorless or yellow
needles or slender shape
no clinical significance

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17
Q

crystal seen in acidic urine - pH 6 or in neutral urine

A

calcium oxalate

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18
Q

crystal seen in people with high intake of nuts, tea, soy coca-cola, orange, beet, eggplants, tomatoes, asparagus, ascorbic acid

A

calcium oxalate

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19
Q

75% of all urinary tract stones consist of _____ crystals

A

oxalate crystals (calcium oxalate)

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20
Q

____ crystals are seen in patients with ACUTE renal failure due to ETHYLENE GLYCOL (ANTIFREEZE) intoxication

A

calcium oxalate

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21
Q

calcium oxalate dissolves in ___ & ____; INSOLUBLE in ____

A

NaOH
HCl
acetic acid

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22
Q

crystal that is rarely seen in urine; yellow-brown or clear prism or plates; very thin

A

hippuric acid

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23
Q

hippuric acid dissolves in ___ & ___; insoluble in ____

A

hot water
NaOH
acetic acid

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24
Q

(3) crystals commonly found in alkaline urine

A

triple phosphate
calcium carbonate
ammonium biurate

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25
Q

triple phosphate AKA

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate

strivites

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26
Q

triple phosphate crystals are present in ____% of urinary calculi

A

10-15%

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27
Q

(3) conditions in which triple phosphate crystals may be seen in urine

A

1 patients with UTI caused by urea-splitting bacteria, such as proteus mirabilis (vulgarism)
2 urine of patients with triple stores - sturvites
3 significant leukocyturia and bacteruria

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28
Q

triple phosphate dissolves in _____

A

acetic acid

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29
Q

crystal found in alkaline urine that bubbles with HCl or acetic acid

A

calcium carbonate

30
Q

crystal found in urine at pH 9; abnormal if found in freshly voided urine

A

ammonium biurate

31
Q

crystal termed “thorned apple”

A

ammonium biurate

32
Q

ammonium biurate dissolves in (3)

A

acetic acid
NaOH
when heated

33
Q

abnormal crystals of metabolic origin (4)

A

cystine
tyrosine
leucine
cholesterol

34
Q

abnormal crystal found in urine at pH less than 6

A

cystine

35
Q

cystine crystal signify abnormality in metabolism of ______

A

AA cystine

36
Q

cystine crystals are present in patients with _____, which is _____ defect in renal cystine cycle; MC cause of _____ in KIDS

A

cystinuria
genetic
kidney stones

37
Q

cystine may fill ______ system, resulting in formation of ______

A

renal collecting system

staghorn

38
Q

cystine may be confused with _______, but _______ polarize light

A

uric acid crystals

cystine does NOT polarize light (uric acid is multi-colored- negative briefringerence)

39
Q

cystine crystals produce ____ color in nitroprusside reaction (Acetest)

A

red

40
Q

cystine dissolves in (3)

A

HCl
NaOH
Ammonium Hydroxide

41
Q

cystine is insoluble in (3)

A

acetic acid
alcohol
ether

42
Q

tyrosine is formed in ____ urine; found in ________ disorders along with _____

A

acidic
severe liver disorders (metabolism is impaired and associated with tyrosinemia)
leucine

43
Q

presence of tyrosine is usually accompanied by + biochemical test for _______ as well as presence of _____ crystals in sediment

A

bilirubin

leucine crystals

44
Q

colorless to yellow-brown single needles; may be seen as sheaves or rosettes

A

tyrosine

45
Q

tyrosine dissolves in (3)

A

HCl
NaOH
when heated

46
Q

tyrosine is insoluble in (3)

A

acetic acid
alcohol
ester

47
Q

leucine is formed in _____ urine

A

acidic

48
Q

yellow-brown oily-looking spheroids with concentric rings around outer edge and radial striations in center; may look like grapefruit ring

A

leucine

49
Q

leucine may indicate

A

maple syrup urine disease

50
Q

_____ polarizes light into pseudo-Maltese cross and outer edge may resemble ____

A

leucine

crushed diamond

51
Q

Leucine dissolves in (2)

A

NaOH

when heated

52
Q

Leucine is insoluble in (3)

A

acetic acid
HCl
ether

53
Q

Cholesterol is formed in _____ pH of urine

A

acidic

54
Q

free fat degradation of RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

cholesterol

55
Q

cholesterol may be present in (2)

A

Glomerulonephritis- the nepHROTIC syndrome

56
Q

cholesterol crystals are accompanied by

A
  • positive biochemical test for protein
  • oval fat bodies
  • fatty casts
  • free fat droplets in urine
57
Q

characteristics of cholesterol crystals

A

colorless, large, flat, rectangular, NOTCHED corners

58
Q

cholesterol dissolves in (3)

A

chloroform
ether
hot alcohol

59
Q

cholesterol is insoluble in (2)

A

dilute acids

dilute alkali

60
Q

bilirubin crystals formed in ____ urine; yellow-brown needles or granules; may be present in bilirubinuria; frequently attached to _____

A

acidic

surface of cells

61
Q

bilirubin crystals dissolve in (6)

A 
acetic acid
HCl
NaOH
Acetone
Chloroform
Ether
62
Q

bilirubin crystals are insoluble in (1)

A

alcohol

63
Q

(3) abnormal crystals of iatrogenic origin

A

drugs
supplements
radiographic contrast media

64
Q

sulfonamide drugs are formed in ____ pH; could result in ____ damage while precipitating out the nephron

A

acidic

renal

65
Q

sulfonamide crystals dissolve in (2)

A

acetic acid

NaOH

66
Q

sulfonamide crystals are insoluble in (1)

A

dilute acetic acid

67
Q

if drugs and supplement crystals are found in urine usually formed in _____ pH

A

acidic

68
Q

radiologic contrast media

A

renografin

hypaque

69
Q

radiologic contrast media look like

A

elongated rectangles; may look similar to cholesterol crystals

70
Q

(3) types of confusing artifacts

A

starch
talc
glass fragments

71
Q

confusing artifact that is round, oval or refractile; hexagonal but usually has indentation

A

starch

72
Q

starch crystals _____ light into Maltese cross, but WITHOUT ______

A

polarize light

without outer edge resembling crushed diamonds (differs from leucine)

UA (9 decks)

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