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UA > Renal Physiology Overview > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of glomerular filtration wall from inside to outside

A

visceral epithelial cells- podocytes
glomerular basement membrane
squamous epithelial cells- parietal epithelial cells

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2
Q

glomerular filtration barrier is composed of: (3)

A

capillary endothelium
podocytes
basement membrane

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3
Q

glucose renal threshold represents (160-180 mg/dL)

A

maximum range of glucose reabsorption in renal tubules

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4
Q

aldosterone is involved in _____ reabsorption and is released by the _____ of the adrenal cortex

A

sodium reabsorption

zona glomerulosa

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5
Q

order of cast degradation

A

cellular > granular > waxy

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6
Q

green brown urine would MC co-exist with physical exam finding of:

A

murphy’s sign (cholecystitis, gallbladder/bile duct destruction)

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7
Q

level of the kidneys

A

T11-L3 retroperitoneally

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8
Q

layers of adrenal gland

A

capsule, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

or specifically capsule, zona glomerolusa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, adrenal medulla

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9
Q

main functional unit of kidney

A

nephrons

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10
Q

location and # of nephrons

A

adrenal cortex and medulla, approx 1 million or more in each kidney

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11
Q

fxn of glomerulus

A

blood filtration

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12
Q

part of nephron that fxn is reabsorption and secretion

A

proximal convoluted tubules
loop of henele
distal convoluted tubules

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13
Q

______ nephrons are located mostly within cortex and have ____ length of loop of Henle

A

cortical

short

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14
Q

_____ nephrons are located deep in medulla and have ____ length of loop of Henle

A

juxtamedullary

long

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15
Q

blood passes through kidney at what rate

A

~ 1200 ml/min or 600 ml/min/kidney

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16
Q

Afferent arterioles form the capillary tuft called _____

A

glomerulus

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17
Q

Efferent arterioles form ______

A

peritubular capillaries (vasa recta)

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18
Q

_____ surrounds each glomerulus

A

bowman capsule

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19
Q

outer layer of bowman’s capsule is composed of ________, which lays on top thin ______

A 
squamous epithelium (parietal epithelium)
basal lamina (type IV collagen)
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20
Q

inside layer of bowman’s capsule is composed of _____

A

podocytes (visceral epithelial cells)

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21
Q

____ is key indicator of kidney function and is used to monitor kidney disease

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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22
Q

normal GFR is _____; older people have _____ rate

A

90-120 ml/min

lower (GFR decreases with age)

23
Q

GFR tests how much kidneys are filtering ______

A

creatinine

24
Q

waste which is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles

A

creatinine

25
Q

_____ appears in the urine when plasma concentration exceeds 160 to 180 mg/dl

A

glucose

26
Q

secretion of ____ & ____ occurs in PROXIMAL TUBULES

A 
uric acid
organic acids (antibiotics)
27
Q

REABSORPTION of K, NaCl, H2O, AA, glucose, HCO3- occurs in ________ NO CREATININE REABSORPTION

A

proximal tubules

28
Q

the only function of loop of henle is _____

A

reabsorption (NEVER secretion)

29
Q

(4) things reabsorbed by loop of henle

A

H20
NaCl
Ca
Mg

30
Q

____ limb of loop of henle is permeable to water

A

descending

31
Q

____ limb of loop of henle is impermeable to water but, ________ of solute WITHOUT water occurs

A

ascending

active reabsorption

32
Q

fluid leaving loop of henle has ____ osmolality than plasma because _____

A

lower

lost NaCl

33
Q

during tubular reabsorption, hydrogen ion are exchanged for the sodium ions in _____

A

sodium bicarbonate

34
Q

___% of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the time it reaches the DISTAL tubule, ____ is also reabsorbed

A

90%

urea

35
Q

(2) things that are ONLY reabsorbed in PROXIMAL tubules

A

glucose

AA

36
Q

_____ accounts for removal of unneeded foreign waste substances that are not filtered by the glomerulus including toxins and medications

A

tubular secretion

37
Q

____ ions are produced as waste from metabolism and generally secreted in kidney, _____ can also be secreted, but more often is is REABSORBED to help maintain __

A

hydrogen
bicarbonate
pH

38
Q

main fxns of distal and collecting tubules (4)

A
  • adjustment of pH, osmolality and electrolytes
  • regulation of substances still present in filtrate
  • secretion of potassium, ammonia and hydrogen ions
  • reabsorption of sodium and bicarbonate
39
Q

region in nephron that is important for regulating BP, body fluids and electrolytes; regulates the function of EACH NEPHRON

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

40
Q

(3) components of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa of distal convoluted tubule
smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles (juxtaglomerular cells)
mesangial cells

41
Q

mesangial cells secrete

A

erythropoietin

42
Q

RENIN is an _____ that is secreted by _______ ; secreted and reacts with precursor _______ to be converted to ______ in blood

A

enzyme
juxtaglomerular cells
angiotensinogen
angiotensin I

43
Q

angiotensin I passes through _____ where enzyme ______ changes it to _______

A

lungs
angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin II

44
Q

angiotensin II results in:

A

systemic vasoconstriction (including afferent and efferent arterioles)

45
Q

angiotensin II triggers release of _______ and ______

A

aldosterone (from adrenal glands)

antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin (from pituitary gland)

46
Q

aldosterone is secreted by _______ and fxn to _________, which in turn INCREASES blood volume as water follows salt –> ________

A

adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
increase blood sodium reabsorption (in distal tubules)
RAISES BP

47
Q

antidiuretic (vasopressin) hormone is synthesized in _____ and stored/released in ____

A

hypothalamus

vesicles in posterior pituitary gland

48
Q

Diabetes Insipidus may be caused by (2)

A

insufficient ADH

abnormal kidney response to ADH (nephrogenic DI)

49
Q

excessive release of ADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH- syndrome)

50
Q

SIADH- syndrome is caused by _______ 80% of the time

A

small cell lung carcinoma

51
Q

SIADH- syndrome results in: (5)

A 
high plasma volume
low serum osmolarity
low plasma sodium (hyponatremia) 
high urine osmolarity
higher than normal urine sodium
52
Q

ADH causes _____ water retention without ______ fluid volume expansion or ______ or _____

A

increased
extracellular fluid volume expansion
edema
HTN

53
Q

when hyponatremia is severe, may cause _____ symptoms to be more prominent

A

cerebral edema (irritability, confusion, seizures and coma)

54
Q

cells that produce and secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

UA (9 decks)

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