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VCLP > Urine 2 > Flashcards

Urine 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Formed Elements of Urine

A
  1. Squamous Epithelial Cells
  2. Transitional (Caudate)
  3. Renal
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2
Q

Squamous Epithelial Cells

A

a. Urethra
b. Bottom 1/3 of bladder
c. Not significant indicator of pathology

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3
Q

Transitional (Caudate) cells

A

a. Upper portion of bladder, ureter, pelvis of kidney

b. Significant if in large numbers = cystitis

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4
Q

Renal cells

A

a. Renal Tubules

b. Small, round cells – active degeneration of tubules

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5
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

a. < 5RBC/hPf considered normal
b. May appear crenated in concentrated urine
c. May appear as ghost cells in dilute urine
d. 1+ 3-8RBC/hpf
2+ 9-30RBC/hpf
3+ >30, but less than packed RBC/hpf
4+ Packed field or TNTC

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6
Q

White Blood Cells

A

a. Granular cells
b. Few would be considered normal <10/hpf
c. Increased = pyuria, UTI
d. 1+ 6-20 WBC/hpf
2+ 21-50 WBC/hpf
3+ >50 WBC but less than packed field
4+ Packed field or TNTC

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7
Q

Fat

A

a. Highly refractile, spherical bodies of various sizes

b. Common in cats, lubricant, obesity, d. mellitus, hypothyroid

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8
Q

Crystals

A

a. Crystalluria

b. Type of crystal formed depends on pH and concentration

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9
Q

Alkaline Crystals

A

1) Triple phosphate, struvite – coffin lids
2) Amorphous phosphate – granular precipitation- grow into Triphos
3) Calcium carbonate – horses, dumbbell shape

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10
Q

Slight Alkaline Crystals

A

1) Calcium oxalate- can tolerate slight alkaline but prefer acid
2) Square with X on them

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11
Q

Acid Crystals

A

1) amorphous urates – granular precipitation
2) Uric acid – Dalmatians – flat, square
3) Calcium oxalate

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12
Q

Toxicities and cyrstals

A

1) Leucine, tyrosine
a) Chloroform, phosphorous toxicities (in lawn products)
b) Acute liver disease
2) Oxalate
a) Form of calcium oxalate crystals
b) Ethylene glycol toxicity

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13
Q

Junk

A

a. Artifacts

b. Hair, fecal matter, plant, bacteria, fungi, fecal parasites

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14
Q

Casts

A
  1. Formed in renal tubules where acidity is the greatest

2. Formed from precipitated protein with stuff present at time of formation

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15
Q

Types

A

Hyaline
Cellular cast
Waxy
Fatty

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16
Q

Hyaline cast

A

1) Clear, colorless, refractile
2) Cylindrical, parallel sides, smooth rounded ends
3) Mildest form of renal irritation

17
Q

Cellular cast

A

1) Epithelial
a) Comprised of renal epithelial- small cell with big nucleus
b) Acute nephritis
inflammation
2) RBC/WBC
a) WBC – indicates infectious process in tubules
b) RBC – inflammation in tubules granular but no big nucleus

18
Q

Granular cast

A

1) Degenerating cellular components

2) Or indication of interstitial nephritis

19
Q

Waxy cast

A

1) Wider, square ends
2) Opaque
3) Chronic severe degeneration in tubules

20
Q

Fatty cast

A

1) Small droplets of fat – refractile

2) Cats with renal disease – normal in cats

21
Q

Mucus

A

a. Can be confused with casts
b. Do not have well defined edges – look like twisting ribbon
c. Normal in horses, may indicate urethral irritation or contamination of the sample with genital secretions

22
Q

Spermatozoa

A

a. Easily recognized
b. Motile
c. Not significant

23
Q

Parasites

A

a. Can be seen due to urinary parasites or fecal contamination at time of collection
b. In UT:
1) Capillaria plica – bladder worm – cats/dogs
2) Dioctophymarenale – kidney worm -dogs
3) Stephanurusdentatus – kidney worm - pigs

24
Q

Uroliths

A

a. Urolithiasis
b. Calculi (stones) – minerals in the UT
d. Urolithiasis a problem in castrated male ruminants. Causes urethral blockages

25
Q

Triple phosphate

A

a) Most common
b) Radiopaque – hard, white/yellow
c) Alkaline urine, chronic UTI

26
Q

Urate

A

a) Ammonium urate
b) Radioluscent, brittle
c) Dalmatians – urethra in males

27
Q

Cystine

A

a) Radioluscent
b) Yellow, smooth
c) Formed due to impaired protein metabolism

28
Q

Oxalate

A

a) Calcium oxalate
b) Radiopaque, hard, sharp protrusions
c) Cause trauma

VCLP (10 decks)

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