Hematology 2

Question 1

Pancreatic Tests

Answer 1

a. Amylase
b. Lipase
c. Trypsin

Question 2

Amylase

Answer 2

1) Helps break down starch and glycogen

2) Increase during acute pancreatitis or obstruction of pancreatic ducts

Question 3

Lipase

Answer 3

1) Helps break down long chains offatty acids of lipids

2) Increased due to acute pancreatitis

Question 4

Trypsin

Answer 4

1) Helps break down protein
2) Not a blood test – test feces for presence(normal)
a) Feces in tube with gelatin, if notgelled – trypsin is present
b) Undeveloped xray film

Question 5

Blood Glucose

Answer 5

1) Indication of carbohydrate breakdown inbody
2) Reflects balance between glucose intakeand glucose utilization
3) Utilization depends on level of insulin being produced by the pancreas
4) As insulin increases, so does glucose utilization = decrease in blood glucose
5) As insulin decreases, so does glucose utilization = increase in blood glucose

Question 6

Total Protein

Answer 6

1. Serum protein measures all protein fractions in blood except fibrinogen (clotted out)
2. Plasma protein = includes fibrinogen
3. Can be affected by altered hepatic synthesis of protein, dehydration, overhydration
4. Especially important in determining state of hydration

Question 7

Increased TP

Decreased TP

Answer 7

= dehydrated

= overhydrated

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

1. One of the most important in plasma or serum
2. 30-50%TP – any significant hypoproteinemia most likely is due to loss of albumin
3. Produced by hepatocytes – any liver disease will decrease levels
4. Renal disease, diet, or intestinal malabsorption can effect levels
5. Major binding and transport protein in blood

Question 9

Calcium

Answer 9

1. EDTA binds with Calcium, therefore must be a serum test
2. Important for maintaining neuromuscular excitability and tone (decreased = muscle tetany)
3. Calcium levels are related to phosphorous levels, as calcium increase, phosphorous decreases

Question 10

Inorganic Phosphorous

Answer 10

1. Carbohydrate metabolism, energy storage
2. Blood cells = organic
3. Plasma/serum = inorganic - measured

Question 11

Sodium

Answer 11

1. Major role in distribution of water and maintenance of osmotic pressure
2. pH regulation of urine

Question 12

Potassium

Answer 12

1. Muscular function, respiration, cardiac function
2. Acidosis = Increased (hyperkalemia)
3. Increased with cellular necrosis
4. Alkalosis = decreased (hypokalemia)
   Due to excess fluid loss such as vomiting or diarrhea

Question 13

Acidosis

Answer 13

= Increased (hyperkalemia)

a. Acidosis – increased acidity of the body fluids
b. Can be due to increased acids (diabetic acidosis or waste products) or loss of bicarbonate (renal disease)
c. Hydrogen ion concentration increases, and pH decreases

Question 14

Magnesium

Answer 14

1. Activates enzyme systems
2. Important to acetylcholine – electrical impulse transfer from synapse to synapse
3. Imbalance of calcium and magnesium = muscle tetany – but cattle and sheep are the only ones to show clinical signs

Question 15

Chloride

Answer 15

1. Water distribution, osmotic pressure

2. Related to sodium and bicarbonate

Question 16

Bicarbonate

Answer 16

1. Buffer system, aids in transport of CO2, pH balance

2. Kidney regulates levels by excreting excess

Question 17

Voided Sample

Answer 17

1. Collect urine as animal urinates
2. Contaminated by bacteria
3. Preprandial (before meal)
   a. Most concentrated
   b. Not affected by eating or exercise
4. Midstream sample is the cleanest

Question 18

Manual Express

Answer 18

1. Mainly used in cats and small dogs
2. Must never exert too much pressure – bladder can be ruptured
3. Never should be used with an animal with urinary tract obstruction
4. Urine may contain RBC – bladder can be damaged during compression

Question 19

Catheterization

Answer 19

1. One preferred method – sterile if done correctly
2. Insert catheter into bladder via urethra
3. Sterile catheter/sterile gloves
4. Avoid trauma to urethral mucosa
5. RBC common

Question 20

Cystocentesis

Answer 20

1. Dogs/cats sterile collection
2. Insert sterile needle directly into bladder through abdominal wall
3. Surgical prep – remove as much urine as possible to avoid leakage through the needle hole

Question 21

Quantitative (urine)

Answer 21

1. Collection cage

2. Drain in bottom, measure amount of urine vs. amount of water intake

Question 22

Specimen Preservation

Answer 22

A. Examine ASAP to eliminate effects of chemical and cellular change
B. If not examined within one hour, refrigerate or chemically preserve
C. May be refrigerated up to 6 hours without affecting results
D. Must be warmed up to room temperature for SG
E. Changes as urine samples stand at room temperature

Question 23

Changes as urine samples stand at room temperature

Answer 23

1. RBC decrease
2. pH increases – due to bacterial breakdown of urea to ammonia
3. Bacteria increase
4. Sample turbidity increases
5. Crystals increase
6. Casts decrease
7. Glucose decreases

Question 24

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 24

1. Caused by lack of insulin
2. Body is unable to utilize glucose in cells
3. Urine = concentrated, high SG due to glucose overspill into urine
4. High blood glucose
5. Polyuria, polydipsia
6. Ketones in urine = fruity, sweet odor

Question 25

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 25

1. Lack of ADH
2. ADH causes reabsorption of water in renal tubules. Without = excretions of large amounts of water
3. Urine concentration low – 1.002-1.005 - colorless
4. Polyuria, polydipsia but normal blood glucose