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VCLP > Urine 1 > Flashcards

Urine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Urine Gross Examination

A

A. Observations made without the aid of a microscope

B. Urine Volume

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2
Q

pu/pd

A

Polyuria = increased urine volume
Polydipsia = increased water intake
a. Pale urine, low SG
b. Sign of disease = nephritis, diabetes, pyometra, liver
c. Also seen after diuretics, corticosteroids, or fluids

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3
Q

Polyuria

A

increased urine volume

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4
Q

Polydipsia

A

increased water intake

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5
Q

pu/pd

A

a. Pale urine, low SG
b. Sign of disease = nephritis, diabetes, pyometra, liver
c. Also seen after diuretics, corticosteroids, or fluids

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6
Q

Oliguria

A

a. Decreased urine output

b. Seen with fever, shock, decreased fluids, heart disease, dehydration

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7
Q

Anuria

A

a. Complete lack of urine output

b. UT obstruction, death

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8
Q

Urine Color

A
  1. Normal color = yellow due to urochromes
  2. Degree of yellow depends on concentration: Increased SG = increased color
  3. Colorless = low SG
  4. Yellow-brown/green-yellow foam = bile pigments
  5. Red/red-brown = blood
    a. Cloudy = intact RBC = hematuria
    b. Clear = hemoglobin = hemoglobinuria
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9
Q

Urine Transparency

A
  1. Clear
  2. Cloudy = obstruction of light
    Usually due to presence of sediment: RBC, WBC, crystals, cells, mucus, fat, casts, bacteria
  3. Flocculent – particles suspended and able to be seen with unaided eye
  4. Normal – clear except in horses and rabbits – cloudy due to mucus and calcium carbonate crystals
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10
Q

Urine Odor

A
  1. Ammonia odor indicates urease producing bacteria – if freshly voided= bacteria in bladder (cystitis)
  2. Sweet, fruity odor = ketones = diabetes, acetonemia (cows), pregnant ewe disease
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11
Q

Urine Foam

A
  1. Small amount of white foam is normal
  2. Increased protein = increased foam
  3. Greenish foam = bile
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12
Q

Specific Gravity

A
  1. Weight of quantity of liquid as compared to weight of equal amount of distilled water
  2. Isosthenuric = 1.010
  3. Proportional to amount of solutes dissolved in urine
  4. Increased SG = increased solute concentration
    Decreased water intake, increased excretion of urine solutes (glucose, protein)
  5. Decreased SG = decreased solute concentration
    Increased fluid intake, pyometra, d. insipidus, liver/renal, diuretics
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13
Q

Chem Strip

A

Must be stored properly – no sunlight, air, water

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14
Q

pH

A
  1. Measure of alkalinity or acidity
  2. Normal pH of urine dependent on diet
  3. Decreased pH (acid)
  4. Increased pH (alkaline)
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15
Q

Normal pH of urine dependent on diet

A

a. Vegetable = alkaline

b. Increased protein or animal origin = acid

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16
Q

Decreased pH (acid)

A

a. Fever, starvation, increased protein, acidosis

b. Excessive muscular activity, drugs

17
Q

Increased pH (alkaline

A

a. Alkalosis, UT infection, urease-producing bacteria b. Obstruction, drugs

18
Q

Protein of chem strip

A
  1. Normal in small amounts in expressed or voided sample
  2. Not normally present in cysto or catheter
  3. Can increase due to increased protein, strenuous exercise
  4. If abnormal, generally a UT problem, not systemic
19
Q

Glucose of chem strip

A
  1. Glucosuria or glycosuria
  2. Hyperglycemia or increased b.g. levels =diabetes
  3. High carbohydrate meal can cause. Use 24 hr fast
  4. Fear, excitement, restraint = glucosuria due to epinephrine release
20
Q

Ketones of chem strip

A
  1. Formed during fatty acid breakdown
  2. Increased because of excess amount of fat broken down instead of carbohydrate metabolism
  3. Ketonuria = ketosis in lactating cows and pregnant ewes and cows
  4. Ketosis is associated with hypoglycemia – caused by carbohydrate intake not keeping up with energy needs
  5. Diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin required for glucose utilization
  6. High fat diet, starvation, fasting, vomiting/diarrhea,liver disease
21
Q

Blood in Chem Strip

A
  1. Hematuria
    a. Urogenital tract
    b. Minute blood – color change not seen
    occult blood – must be detected by sediment or chemistry
    c. <5 RBC pHpf = normal
    d. Estrus (heat) in dogs may cause RBC

VCLP (10 decks)

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