Urine Flashcards
Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume:
-One main function of kidneys is to make any adjustment needed to maintain body fluid () concentration
(): number of solute particles in 1 kg of H2O
-Kidneys produce only small amounts of urine if the body is dehydrated, or dilute urine if overhydrated
osmotic
Osmolality
(): urine is examined for signs of disease
-Can also be used to test for illegal substances
Assessing renal function requires both () and () examination
-Example: renal function can be assessed by measuring () wastes in () only
-To determine renal (), both blood and urine are required
Urinalysis
blood,urine
nitrogenous,blood
clearance
Renal (): volume of plasma kidneys can clear of a particular substance in a given time
Renal clearance tests are used to determine GFR
To help detect () damage
To follow progress of renal ()
clearance
glomerular
disease
(/)disease: defined as a GFR < 60 ml/min for 3 months
Filtrate formation decreases, ()
wastes accumulate in blood, pH becomes acidic
Seen in (/) and ()
Chronic renal
nitrogenous
diabetes mellitus,hypertension
(/) defined as GFR < 15 ml/min
Causes (): ionic and hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, toxic molecule accumulation
Symptoms: fatigue, anorexia, nausea, mental changes, cramps
Treatment: () or transplant
Renal failure:
uremia
hemodialysis
Chemical ()
95% () and 5% ()
() wastes
() (from amino acid breakdown): largest solute component
(/)(from nucleic acid metabolism)
() (metabolite of creatine phosphate)
Other normal solutes found in urine
Na+, K+, PO43–, and SO42–, Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3–
composition
water,solutes
Nitrogenous
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Abnormally high concentrations of any constituent, or abnormal components such as blood proteins, (), and () pigments, may indicate pathology
WBCs,bile
Physical characteristics
() and transparency
()
() may indicate urinary tract infection
Pale to deep () from () ()
Pigment from () breakdown
Yellow color deepens with increased concentration
Abnormal color ()
Can be caused by certain foods, bile pigments, blood, drugs
Color
Clear
Cloudy
yellow,urochrome,urobilin
hemoglobin
pink, brown, smoky
Odor
Slightly () when fresh
Develops ammonia odor upon standing as bacteria metabolize urea
May be altered by some drugs or vegetables (asparagus)
Disease may alter smell
Patients with diabetes may have () smell to urine
aromatic
acetone
pH
Urine is slightly () (~pH 6, with range of 4.5 to 8.0)
() diet (protein, whole wheat) can cause drop in pH
() diet (vegetarian), prolonged vomiting, or urinary tract infections can cause an increase in pH
(/)
Ratio of mass of substance to mass of equal volume of water (specific gravity of water = 1)
Ranges from 1.001 to 1.035 because urine is made up of water and solutes
acidic
Acidic
Alkaline
Specific gravity
Glucose
Glycouria
Cause diabetes mellitues
Proteins
Proteinuria, albuminuria
Causes: excessive physical exertion,pregnancy, heart failure, hypertension
Ketone bodies
Ketonuria
Cause: Excessive formation and accumulation of ketone bodies
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobinuria
Causes: transfusion reaction, severe burns
Bile pigments
Bilirubinuria
Causes: Liver disease